在免疫健全者中,巨细胞病毒感染具有自限性,不主张进行抗病毒治疗。
移植患者感染CMV的临床表现取决于其整体的免疫功能状况,因此为了防止严重的临床疾病,如果可以的话,应降低免疫抑制强度。在艾滋病患者中,应该考虑开始抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART),以控制潜在艾滋病毒感染。免疫重组的CMV葡萄膜炎患者开始接受抗逆转录病毒疗法具有一定的风险。
免疫健全患者
免疫功能健全的患者不需要通过抗病毒疗法治疗巨细胞病毒感染及其相关疾病。 这些患者在病程中通过巨细胞病毒特异性免疫产生治疗临床疾病, 因此,不需抗病毒治疗。
患巨细胞病毒疾病的移植患者
CMV感染的治疗目标是通过口服缬更昔洛韦或静脉注射更昔洛韦快速控制病毒复制和临床疾病。[2]Razonable RR, Humar A; AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013 Mar;(13 suppl 4):93-106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajt.12103/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465003?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com 已经证实,口服缬更昔洛韦在治疗肾脏、肝脏、心脏和肺移植受者的CMV疾病方面的效果不劣于静脉注射更昔洛韦。[36]Asberg A, Humar A, Rollag H, et al. Oral valganciclovir is noninferior to intravenous ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2007 Sep;7(9):2106-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640310?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,口服缬更昔洛韦是治疗CMV疾病的首选药物,因为它降低了静脉注射和住院相关并发症的风险。[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对于严重和危及生命的CMV疾病(即,肺炎、需要入住重症监护病房的疾病、伴有大量腹泻的严重胃肠道疾病或者必须进行最佳药物暴露或最佳药物暴露可能产生问题时),应首选静脉注射更昔洛韦。[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com在这种情况下,应根据临床改善情况,在使用静脉注射更昔洛韦进行初始治疗后,使用缬更昔洛韦作为减量方法。由于显著相关的肾毒性,膦甲酸是治疗CMV疾病的二线选择,应为在诱导期对缬更昔洛韦或更昔洛韦不耐受的患者使用该药物。[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Razonable RR, Humar A; AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013 Mar;(13 suppl 4):93-106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajt.12103/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465003?tool=bestpractice.com
目前不推荐常规使用免疫球蛋白(未选择或 CMV-高免疫球蛋白)作为辅助治疗。[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com 在患有严重CMV疾病的情况下,特别是CMV肺炎患者在肺移植和造血干细胞移植后,可以考虑辅助使用免疫球蛋白,但是缺乏明确获益的证据。[2]Razonable RR, Humar A; AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013 Mar;(13 suppl 4):93-106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajt.12103/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465003?tool=bestpractice.com目前没有判定病情严重程度的指南;由主诊医生判断严重程度。
伴有巨细胞病毒疾病(如视网膜炎)的艾滋病患者
在艾滋病患者中由巨细胞病毒脉络膜视网膜炎造成的失明通常是不可逆的,所以治疗主要是阻止疾病进展。 更昔洛韦类药物通常是 CMV 感染或疾病的第一选择。
对于具有即刻威胁视力的CMV视网膜炎的患者,玻璃体内注射更昔洛韦或膦甲酸与全身性缬更昔洛韦联合用药是首选的初始治疗方案。[24]AIDSinfo, US Department of Health & Human Services. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/0 替代疗法包括经玻璃体腔注射更昔洛韦或膦甲酸并联合更昔洛韦、膦甲酸或西多福韦全身用药(于西多福韦治疗前后进行丙磺舒和盐水补液治疗)。[24]AIDSinfo, US Department of Health & Human Services. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/0初始治疗后应进行长期维持治疗。对于不危及视力的较小的外周病变,仅口服缬更昔洛韦可能足够。替代疗法包括静脉使用更昔洛韦、膦甲酸或西多福韦。[24]AIDSinfo, US Department of Health & Human Services. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/0
为了防止对侧发生视网膜炎或眼外的巨细胞病毒疾病,当在玻璃体内注射更昔洛韦后,进行系统治疗是很重要的。 虽然西多福韦和膦甲酸钠是有效的,但是因其毒副作用也不会作为首选。[24]AIDSinfo, US Department of Health & Human Services. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/0
对胃肠道疾病而言,推荐静脉注射更昔洛韦或膦甲酸,持续治疗 21-42 天(或者直至症状和体征缓解)。如果症状尚未进展至足以干扰口服吸收的严重程度,则缬更昔洛韦是二线治疗选择。CMV食管炎或结肠炎通常无需进行维持治疗,但应在复发后考虑采用此疗法。[24]AIDSinfo, US Department of Health & Human Services. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/0
对于肺炎,静脉内给予更昔洛韦或膦甲酸,但目前有关治疗影响结局的数据很少,而且尚未确定最佳的治疗时长。[24]AIDSinfo, US Department of Health & Human Services. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/0采用静脉给予更昔洛韦和膦甲酸联合治疗方案,以稳定神经系统疾病,且使疗效最大化。[24]AIDSinfo, US Department of Health & Human Services. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/0维持治疗应持续终身,除非有免疫恢复的证据。
患者也应该立即开始进行抗逆转录病毒疗法,以控制艾滋病毒感染和促进免疫重建。在一些患者中,当免疫功能恢复时,可能发生免疫功能重构综合征,表现为CMV视网膜炎的炎症加重。[37]Muller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, et al; IeDEA Southern and Central Africa. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Apr;10(4):251-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20334848?tool=bestpractice.com
耐药患者
由于耐药病毒,艾滋病患者和器官移植患者较少出现CMV疾病。在存在持续性或复发性CMV血症和长期接触抗病毒药物的情况下,应怀疑患者有耐药性CMV,且应进行基因型耐药性分析。[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com这些病例的治疗较为复杂;在缺乏对照试验数据以确定最佳治疗方法的情况下,应与专科医师合作进行治疗。取决于基因突变,可采用膦甲酸或西多福韦,或是临床研究性抗巨细胞病毒药物治疗耐药性CMV感染。[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Razonable RR, Humar A; AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013 Mar;(13 suppl 4):93-106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajt.12103/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465003?tool=bestpractice.com
CMV UL-97突变导致更昔洛韦耐药,这些病例的抗病毒药物选用静脉注射膦甲酸钠,较少使用西多福韦。 偶尔也会选择高剂量静脉应用更昔洛韦。 UL54型突变型巨细胞病毒,其DNA聚合酶发生变异,可能会导致对更昔洛韦、膦甲酸钠、西多福韦(取决于确切的突变位点)交叉抵抗,对这些病例的治疗可能更有限。
免疫抑制下降应伴随抗病毒治疗,因为这将允许免疫重建和对病毒感染进行免疫控制。如果条件允许,可以考虑使用较新的实验性抗病毒药物,例如马利巴韦 (maribavir) 或莱特莫韦 (letermovir),但是当前还在进行相关研究。莱特莫韦目前已被批准用于预防造血干细胞移植受者中的CMV感染,但由于其遗传屏障较低,不能用于治疗已确诊的CMV疾病。有关详细信息,请参阅新兴疗法部分。
先天性巨细胞病毒感染
患有中至重度、有症状先天性CMV疾病的新生儿,在出生后第一个月应静脉给予更昔洛韦或口服缬更昔洛韦,疗程不应超过 6 个月。[38]Rawlinson WD, Boppana SB, Fowler KB, et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Jun;17(6):e177-e188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291720?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Kimberlin DW, Jester PM, Sánchez PJ, et al; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 5;372(10):933-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401811/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25738669?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Sanchez PJ, et al. Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system: a randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003 Jul;143(1):16-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915819?tool=bestpractice.com 抗病毒治疗的理论基础得到了许多随机试验的支持。在一项随机试验中,与未接受治疗的患者相比,接受 6 周静脉给予更昔洛韦治疗的患者在治疗 6 个月和 1 年时听力损失恶化比较少见,神经系统发育结局也有所改善。[40]Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Sanchez PJ, et al. Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system: a randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003 Jul;143(1):16-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915819?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Oliver SE, Cloud GA, Sánchez PJ, et al; National Institute of Allergy, Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Neurodevelopmental outcomes following ganciclovir therapy in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infections involving the central nervous system. J Clin Virol. 2009 Dec;(46 suppl 4):S22-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19766534?tool=bestpractice.com中性粒细胞减少症是更昔洛韦的常见不良反应。[40]Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Sanchez PJ, et al. Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system: a randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003 Jul;143(1):16-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915819?tool=bestpractice.com 一项安慰剂对照临床试验表明,与安慰剂相比,使用缬更昔洛韦方案在短期内没有改善,但长期使用 6 个月在神经发育和听力方面有显著改善,尽管改善幅度不大。[39]Kimberlin DW, Jester PM, Sánchez PJ, et al; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 5;372(10):933-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401811/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25738669?tool=bestpractice.com
迄今为止,没有足够的证据推荐将其用于治疗无症状或轻度先天性巨细胞病毒感染的新生儿。数项研究正在进行中,旨在确定该方法是否有益于治疗孤立性感觉神经受损的新生儿,或者在出生一个月之后的新生儿中进行治疗是否有益。[38]Rawlinson WD, Boppana SB, Fowler KB, et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Jun;17(6):e177-e188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291720?tool=bestpractice.com 目前还没有足够的证据证明先天性CMV感染可以通过抗病毒药物(如伐昔洛韦)治疗原发性CMV感染孕妇来进行预防。[42]Leruez-Ville M, Ghout I, Bussières L, et al. In utero treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valacyclovir in a multicenter, open-label, phase II study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Oct;215(4):462.e1-462.e10.https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(16)30044-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27083761?tool=bestpractice.com 或者通过静脉注射免疫球蛋白进行被动免疫,可以预防先天性巨细胞病毒感染。[43]Nigro G, Adler SP, La Torre R, et al; Congenital Cytomegalovirus Collaborating Group. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 29;353(13):1350-62.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa043337http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16192480?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Revello MG, Lazzarotto T, Guerra B, et al; CHIP Study Group. A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 3;370(14):1316-26.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1310214#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24693891?tool=bestpractice.com