儿童发生异物吸入的风险较高的原因包括咀嚼能力欠佳、将物品放在嘴中的癖好、后牙缺失以及大笑或大哭时用力吸气。[10]Righini CA, Morel N, Karkas A, et al. What is the diagnostic value of flexible bronchoscopy in the initial investigation of children with suspected foreign body aspiration? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1383-1390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17580093?tool=bestpractice.com更年幼人群(2 个月到 4 岁)的并发症发病率和死亡率也很高,因为他们的气道较为狭窄且保护机制尚不成熟。[16]Kim IA, Shapiro N, Bhattacharyya N. The national cost burden of bronchial foreign body aspiration in children. Laryngoscope. 2015;125:1221-1224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363312?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Mansour B, Elias N. Foreign body aspiration in children with focus on the role of flexible bronchoscopy: a 5 year experience. Isr Med Assoc J. 2015;17:599-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26665311?tool=bestpractice.com患有智力障碍和吞咽困难的儿童以及男孩的患病风险较高。[10]Righini CA, Morel N, Karkas A, et al. What is the diagnostic value of flexible bronchoscopy in the initial investigation of children with suspected foreign body aspiration? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1383-1390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17580093?tool=bestpractice.com
成人异物吸入的主要原因包括:[4]Boyd M, Chatterjee A, Chiles C, et al. Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in adults. South Med J. 2009;102:171-174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139679?tool=bestpractice.com
酒精及镇静药的使用,引起精神状态改变;
外伤所引起的意识水平下降
涉及单颗牙齿石膏固定的牙科手术或涉及粘结的预制修复[18]Obinata K, Satoh T, Towfik AM, et al. An investigation of accidental ingestion during dental procedures. J Oral Sci. 2011;53:495-500.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/josnusd/53/4/53_4_495/_pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22167036?tool=bestpractice.com
高龄
与吞咽困难及咳嗽反射减弱相关的疾病(如脑血管疾病,癫痫,神经变性疾病如肌萎缩性侧索硬化,阿尔兹海默症,帕金森病等)。
抗胆碱能、抗精神病药物或抗焦虑药等药物
咀嚼不充分或吞咽食物时因大笑或抽泣而导致同时迅速吸入。
食物和液体吸入更常见于口咽吞咽困难(尤其是因卒中或颈椎手术而导致)的患者、年老患者,以及服用镇静药物的患者、通过胃管喂食的患者、依赖他人喂食的患者、当前吸烟者或服用超过 8 种药物的患者。[13]Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(suppl 1):S154S-S168S.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)52844-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428705?tool=bestpractice.com