单纯子宫切除而不重建阴道顶端(穹隆)异常的支撑结构,不能有效地改善症状。
重建手术可用于所有存在症状的患者,包括经腹、腹腔镜或机器人骶骨阴道固定术,以及经阴道宫骶韧带悬吊术/骶棘韧带悬吊术;[37]Mahran MA, Herath RP, Sayed AT, et al. Laparoscopic management of genital prolapse. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283:1015-1020.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210136?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Ganatra AM, Rozet F, Sanchez-Salas R, et al. The current status of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: a review. Eur Urol. 2009;55:1089-1103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201521?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Serati M, Bogani G, Sorice P, et al. Robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Eur Urol. 2014;66:303-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631406?tool=bestpractice.com 若患者仍有子宫,通常同时切除子宫。复发率:目前已有中等质量的证据证明,经阴道子宫切除术和修复术比经腹保留子宫而行子宫骶骨固定术术后复发率更低,同时也减少了患者因子宫脱垂再次手术的需求。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 骶棘韧带悬吊术(联合或不联合子宫切除术)与宫骶韧带悬吊术具有同样的优势。[40]Barber MD, Brubaker L, Burgio KL, et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Comparison of 2 transvaginal surgical approaches and perioperative behavioral therapy for apical vaginal prolapse: the OPTIMAL randomized trial. JAMA. 2014;311:1023-1034.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083455/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24618964?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Detollenaere RJ, den Boon J, Stekelenburg J, et al. Sacrospinous hysteropexy versus vaginal hysterectomy with suspension of the uterosacral ligaments in women with uterine prolapse stage 2 or higher: multicentre randomised non-inferiority trial. BMJ. 2015;351:h3717.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=26206451http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206451?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Lukacz ES, Warren LK, Richter HE, et al. Quality of life and sexual function 2 years after vaginal surgery for prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127:1071-1079.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4879084/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27159758?tool=bestpractice.com 对于想要保留性交能力的患者,建议行重建手术。自从 2005 年,机器人手术已广泛用于妇科。在一项临床实验中,患者被随机分组分别接受腹腔镜下骶骨阴道固定术和机器人骶骨阴道固定术,评估两组的成本效益和(6 周内)再次住院率,结果发现两组结局相似且并发症发生率也相似。骶前出血,尽管并不常见,仍然是最受关注的术中并发症,既见于腹腔镜手术也见于开腹手术,而且有时也会有生命危险。开腹阴道骶骨固定术的相关并发症包括:膀胱切开,3.1%;小肠切开,1.6%;切口问题,4.6%;肠梗阻,3.6%;血栓栓塞事件,3.3%;和输血,4.4%。[43]Nygaard IE, McCreery R, Brubaker L, et al. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy: a comprehensive review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:805-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15458906?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Jia XG, Glazener C, Mowatt G, et al. Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of using mesh in surgery for uterine or vaginal vault prolapse. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21:1413-1431.http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/ShowRecord.asp?LinkFrom=OAI&ID=12011000593#.VFpCevmsXTYhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20552168?tool=bestpractice.com 输尿管损伤是最常见的宫骶韧带悬吊术并发症。骶棘韧带悬吊术的可能并发症包括:术中出血和因坐骨神经受压而导致的严重臀部疼痛,可以放射至腿后侧。
目前尚不明确哪种手术方式(或联合手术)的效果最好且并发症最少。因此,在与患者达成一致前,应就可选择的手术方式与患者进行讨论。有建议指出,当着重考虑解剖持久性时,网片阴道骶骨固定术是首选治疗方法。如果最大限度减少不良事件或二次手术是重中之重,则推荐行经阴道自身组织修复术。[45]Siddiqui NY, Grimes CL, Casiano ER, et al. Mesh sacrocolpopexy compared with native tissue vaginal repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:44-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352548/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560102?tool=bestpractice.com
不应常规考虑同时进行阴道前壁复发率:已有高质量的证据证明,对于阴道前壁脱垂的患者,放置网片的阴道前壁修补术比传统的阴道前壁缝合更能有效降低膀胱脱垂的复发率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 和/或后壁复发率:目前已有中等质量的证据证明,放置网片的后阴道缝合术和传统的后阴道缝合术相比,在降低直肠脱垂复发率方面,效果相当。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 的修复术,而应在阴道顶端修复术完成后仍存在解剖缺陷时再考虑。术后并发症:目前已有中等质量的证据证明,放置网片的阴道前壁修补和传统的阴道前壁缝合相比,术后并发症的发生率相似。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。[46]Cvach K, Dwyer P. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse: abdominal and vaginal approaches. World J Urol. 2012;30:471-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22020436?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Maher C, Feiner B, Baessler K, et al. Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(11):CD004014.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004014.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27901278?tool=bestpractice.com
闭塞性手术,例如完全性阴道闭合术或 Le Fort 部分阴道闭合术,适用于并发症风险较高的患者(如伴有严重的系统性疾病,或年龄较大对性生活无强烈需求而且不想长时间手术或使用网片修补脱垂),和/或不想保持阴道畅通的患者。一篇关于阴道闭合术综述的成功率接近 100%。[48]Benson JT, Lucente V, McClellan E. Vaginal versus abdominal reconstructive surgery for the treatment of pelvic support defects: a prospective randomized study with long-term outcome evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:1418-1421.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8987919?tool=bestpractice.com
The transvaginal use of synthetic mesh requires further investigation, as there is little evidence supporting the routine use of synthetic mesh for transvaginal reconstruction. [
]In women with vaginal prolapse, what are the benefits and harms of transvaginal mesh or grafts compared with native tissue repair?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1317/full显示答案
目前的研究数据表明使用聚丙烯网片降低了盆腔器官脱垂的复发风险。一项 Cochrane 评价总结道:是否在阴道前壁使用移植网片,应权衡其获益与多项其他因素,包括手术时间延长、术中出血增多、阴道顶端和阴道后壁脱垂的风险、新发压力性尿失禁以及为移除腐蚀网片需要再次手术的风险。[44]Jia XG, Glazener C, Mowatt G, et al. Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of using mesh in surgery for uterine or vaginal vault prolapse. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21:1413-1431.http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/ShowRecord.asp?LinkFrom=OAI&ID=12011000593#.VFpCevmsXTYhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20552168?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Maher C, Feiner B, Baessler K, et al. Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(11):CD004014.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004014.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27901278?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Maher CM, Feiner B, Baessler K, et al. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse in women: the updated summary version Cochrane review. Int Urogynecol J. 2011;22:1445-1457.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21927941?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does native tissue repair (anterior colporrhaphy) compare with other surgical techniques in women with anterior compartment prolapse?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1553/full显示答案
使用手术网片/吊带治疗泌尿妇科脱垂时,将网片经阴道壁置入的做法目前在英国是被禁止的,同时正在进行一项针对这一做法的评价研究。2018 年 7 月,英国国民健康服务系统建议,若临床上是安全的,那么所有病例均应推迟此手术。 [50]NHS Improvement and NHS England. Vaginal mesh: high vigilance restruction period. Provider bulletin: 11 July 2018.
若患者有尿失禁,应讨论是否需要同时在术中解决尿失禁问题。对于接受阴道脱垂术和阴道骶骨固定术而术前没有尿失禁的患者,尿道中段悬吊术和 Burch 膀胱颈悬吊术都能减轻患者的术后尿失禁。[51]Wei JT, Nygaard I, Richter HE, et al; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. A midurethral sling to reduce incontinence after vaginal prolapse repair. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2358-2267.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111967http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716974?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Brubaker L, Cundiff GW, Fine P, et al; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy with Burch colposuspension to reduce urinary stress incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1557-1566.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa054208#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611949?tool=bestpractice.com对于术前没有压力性尿失禁的妇女,应当降低术后发生压力性尿失禁的风险:目前已有高质量的证据证明,对于术前没有压力性尿失禁的患者,建议同时行阴道骶骨固定术和 Burch 阴道悬吊术。[25]Brubaker L, Cundiff GW, Fine P, et al; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy with Burch colposuspension to reduce urinary stress incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1557-1566.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa054208#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611949?tool=bestpractice.com 阴道固定术和减少泌尿症状的研究 (the Colpopexy and Urinary Reduction Efforts study) 将 322 名无尿失禁患者进行随机分组,分别行阴道骶骨固定术 + Burch 术或仅行阴道骶骨固定术。研究表明联合 Burch 阴道悬吊术更胜一筹,在 3 个月结束时有显著获益。在 Burch 术组中,23.1% 的患者有压力性尿失禁,而在非 Burch 术组中,这一比例是 44.1%。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。