针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐
目前有三种重建手术方式(如果患者仍有子宫,常常同时行子宫切除术)。
阴道骶骨固定术可以经腹、经腹腔镜或着由机器人完成。[37]Mahran MA, Herath RP, Sayed AT, et al. Laparoscopic management of genital prolapse. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283:1015-1020.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210136?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Ganatra AM, Rozet F, Sanchez-Salas R, et al. The current status of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: a review. Eur Urol. 2009;55:1089-1103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201521?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Serati M, Bogani G, Sorice P, et al. Robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Eur Urol. 2014;66:303-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631406?tool=bestpractice.com 合成网片固定至阴道前壁和后壁,固定于前纵韧带,进而将阴道顶端重新悬吊起来。网片侵蚀可以发生在术后数周至数月。[46]Cvach K, Dwyer P. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse: abdominal and vaginal approaches. World J Urol. 2012;30:471-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22020436?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Maher C, Feiner B, Baessler K, et al. Surgery for women with anterior compartment prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(11):CD004014.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004014.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27901278?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Chmel R, Novackova M, Horcicka L, et al. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy - simple and still actual method in the treatment of vaginal vault prolapse? [in Czech]. Ceska Gynekol. 2008;73:47-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411642?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Jia X, Glazener C, Mowatt G, et al. Efficacy and safety of using mesh or grafts in surgery for anterior and/or posterior vaginal wall prolapse: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2008;115:1350-1361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715243?tool=bestpractice.com 已经有建议指出,当解剖持久性是重中之重时,网片阴道骶骨固定术是首选治疗方法。[45]Siddiqui NY, Grimes CL, Casiano ER, et al. Mesh sacrocolpopexy compared with native tissue vaginal repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:44-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352548/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560102?tool=bestpractice.com
使用手术网片/吊带治疗泌尿妇科脱垂时,将网片经阴道壁置入的做法目前在英国是被禁止的,同时正在进行一项针对这一做法的评价研究。2018 年 7 月,英国国民健康服务系统建议,若临床上是安全的,那么所有病例均应推迟此手术。 [50]NHS Improvement and NHS England. Vaginal mesh: high vigilance restruction period. Provider bulletin: 11 July 2018.
宫骶韧带悬吊术有术后恢复快且无网片相关并发症的优势。手术可以经阴道,也可以经腹入路。[37]Mahran MA, Herath RP, Sayed AT, et al. Laparoscopic management of genital prolapse. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283:1015-1020.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210136?tool=bestpractice.com 临床应用宫骶韧带重新悬吊阴道顶端。目前最常用的方法是 Shull 改良术。[54]Shull BL, Bachofen C, Coates KW, et al. A transvaginal approach to repair of apical and other associated sites of pelvic organ prolapse with uterosacral ligaments. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:1365-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11120498?tool=bestpractice.com 已报道的手术成功率为 80%。现已发现在前区,术前为 II 期盆腔脏器脱垂的患者手术成功率要高于术前为 III 期的患者。[55]Margulies RU, Rogers MA, Morgan DM, et al. Outcomes of transvaginal uterosacral ligament suspension: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:124-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20113690?tool=bestpractice.com
骶棘韧带悬吊术(联合或不联合子宫切除术)与宫骶韧带悬吊术具有同样的优势。[40]Barber MD, Brubaker L, Burgio KL, et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Comparison of 2 transvaginal surgical approaches and perioperative behavioral therapy for apical vaginal prolapse: the OPTIMAL randomized trial. JAMA. 2014;311:1023-1034.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083455/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24618964?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Detollenaere RJ, den Boon J, Stekelenburg J, et al. Sacrospinous hysteropexy versus vaginal hysterectomy with suspension of the uterosacral ligaments in women with uterine prolapse stage 2 or higher: multicentre randomised non-inferiority trial. BMJ. 2015;351:h3717.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=26206451http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206451?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Lukacz ES, Warren LK, Richter HE, et al. Quality of life and sexual function 2 years after vaginal surgery for prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127:1071-1079.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4879084/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27159758?tool=bestpractice.com 这个手术通常为单侧。阴道必须足够长才能到达骶棘韧带,而不需要桥式缝合。
如果最大限度减少不良事件或二次手术是重中之重,则推荐行经阴道原生组织修复术。[45]Siddiqui NY, Grimes CL, Casiano ER, et al. Mesh sacrocolpopexy compared with native tissue vaginal repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:44-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352548/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560102?tool=bestpractice.com