重要的是,所有颅咽管瘤患者,不管年龄高低,均应需要手术治疗。[2]Van Effenterre R, Boch AL. Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: a study of 122 surgical cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:3-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134929?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Baskin DS, Wilson CB. Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas. A review of 74 cases. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:22-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3712025?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Fischer EG, Welch K, Shillito J, et al. Craniopharyngiomas in children. Long-term effects of conservative surgical procedures combined with radiation therapy. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:534-540.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2398383?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Clark AJ, Cage TA, Aranda D, et al. Treatment-related morbidity and the management of pediatric craniopharyngioma: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;10:293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920295?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DM, et al. Endoscopic skull base surgery: a comprehensive comparison with open transcranial approaches. Br J Neurosurg. 2012;26:637-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22324437?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Hankinson TC, Palmeri NO, Williams SA, et al. Patterns of care for craniopharyngioma: survey of members of the american association of neurological surgeons. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2013;49:131-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577430?tool=bestpractice.com 手术能够明确诊断,降低(若存在)颅内压(有或无脑脊液分流),也可逆转由于肿瘤压迫引起的视觉障碍(改善率近 40%)。造影剂增强影像学检查 (MRI/CT) 有助于确定手术入路,有助于评估术后残留疾病和患者术后的反应。必须进行基线内分泌水平和眼科评估以及适合的会诊,有助于监测手术对患者内分泌功能的影响。[6]Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Moritz F, Bouacha I, et al. Craniopharyngioma: ophthalmological aspects at diagnosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(suppl 1):321-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700306?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Halac I, Zimmerman D. Endocrine manifestations of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:640-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16047216?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Hopper N, Albanese A, Ghirardello S, et al. The preoperative endocrine assessment of craniopharyngiomas. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(suppl 1):325-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700307?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Sorva R, Heiskanen O, Perheetupa J. Craniopharyngioma surgery in children: endocrine and visual outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998;4:97-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3401877?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在视觉急速恶化的患者中,详细的内分泌学评估不应推迟手术的进行。
首次手术后,可能需要进行放射治疗。[27]Stripp DC, Maity A, Janss AJ, et al. Surgery with or without radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngiomas in children and young adults. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:714-720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14967425?tool=bestpractice.com 由于内分泌障碍在术前和术后均较为常见,通常根据特定的内分泌缺乏,行激素替代疗法。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 颅咽管瘤:造影剂增强后矢状位 MRI来自 Marc C. Chamberlain 的收集 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 颅咽管瘤(术后):造影剂增强后矢状位 MRI来自 Marc C. Chamberlain 的收集 [Citation ends].
手术
手术切除的范围以及手术的潜在风险取决于肿瘤的大小和部位。[10]Dhellemmes P, Vinchon M. Radical resection for craniopharyngiomas in children: surgical technique and clinical results. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(suppl 1):329-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700308?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Puget S, Garnett M, Wray A, et al. Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:3-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17233305?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Clark AJ, Cage TA, Aranda D, et al. Treatment-related morbidity and the management of pediatric craniopharyngioma: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;10:293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920295?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DM, et al. Endoscopic skull base surgery: a comprehensive comparison with open transcranial approaches. Br J Neurosurg. 2012;26:637-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22324437?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Hoffman HJ, De Silva M, Humphreys RP, et al. Aggressive surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in children. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1727168?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管手术试图行最大程度的切除,手术的目标是把长期副反应最小化,并且记住在次全切除后可行辅助放射治疗。当肿瘤与邻近脑组织粘连时,例如基底动脉、下丘脑或视神经等,手术可能受到限制。对于这些患者,应进行组织活检明确诊断以及尝试对受压的重要解剖结构行减压手术,而非全部切除病变。若向肿瘤囊内滴注药物(例如博来霉素)时,应注意防止渗漏,以防渗漏出的药物对视神经和穿支动脉产生药物毒性作用。
手术入路取决于肿瘤的解剖位置(与蝶鞍、视交叉和第三脑室的关系)以及肿瘤的大小(术前颅脑 MRI 所示)。[21]Curran JG, O'Connor E. Imaging of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:635-639.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078078?tool=bestpractice.com 手术入路有多种:
经皮质或经胼胝体入路可自上经脑室进入,适用于累及第三脑室的视交叉上肿瘤。
经额下和大脑半球间入路(自额底或双额叶之间入路),适用于肿瘤位于视交叉前方或终板后方的肿瘤。
翼点入路(额颞开颅,经侧裂入路),适用于较小的离视交叉较近的肿瘤。
经蝶入路(经鼻或经唇下入路),适用于部分或全部位于鞍内(垂体窝)的肿瘤。
对于占有多个空间的肿瘤,可联合采用上述两种或两种以上的手术入路。[10]Dhellemmes P, Vinchon M. Radical resection for craniopharyngiomas in children: surgical technique and clinical results. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(suppl 1):329-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700308?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Hoffman HJ, De Silva M, Humphreys RP, et al. Aggressive surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in children. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1727168?tool=bestpractice.com内镜经鼻手术治疗颅咽管瘤日益增多,不再仅限于治疗鞍内或较小的鞍上囊性病变。[24]Clark AJ, Cage TA, Aranda D, et al. Treatment-related morbidity and the management of pediatric craniopharyngioma: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;10:293-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920295?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Fernandez-Miranda JC, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, et al. Craniopharyngioma: A pathologic, clinical, and surgical review. Head Neck. 2012;34:1036-1044.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584897?tool=bestpractice.com
手术并发症包括动脉损伤风险(大脑前动脉和基底动脉损伤)、垂体功能障碍、尿崩症、视力丧失以及下丘脑功能障碍。
放疗
放疗用于仅行手术活检或肿瘤未被完全切除的患者。[30]Clark AJ, Cage TA, Aranda D, et al. A systematic review of the results of surgery and radiotherapy on tumor control for pediatric craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29:231-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23089933?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管一些临床医师认为手术全切与不完全切除后放疗相比,其长期预后相当,但是长期随访的数据更加支持手术全切除肿瘤。[31]Weiss M, Sutton L, Marcial V, et al. The role of radiation therapy in the management of childhood craniopharyngioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17:1313-1321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2689398?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Habrand JL, Ganry O, Couanet D, et al. The role of radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngioma: a 25-year experience and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:255-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10760417?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Varlotto JM, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, et al. External beam irradiation of craniopharyngioma: long-term analysis of tumor control and morbidity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:492-499.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12243827?tool=bestpractice.com
放疗方法(传统或剂量分割外照射或立体定向)的选择取决于残余肿瘤的大小及其与视神经视交叉的关系。目前认为适用于大多数肿瘤的标准治疗为:传统剂量分割外照射治疗(光子为基础)针对中位大小的肿瘤剂量为54 Gy,每日照射,持续 5-6 周。[32]Habrand JL, Ganry O, Couanet D, et al. The role of radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngioma: a 25-year experience and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:255-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10760417?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Varlotto JM, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, et al. External beam irradiation of craniopharyngioma: long-term analysis of tumor control and morbidity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:492-499.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12243827?tool=bestpractice.com
分割放射治疗可用于邻近视觉器官的肿瘤。[34]Niranjan A, Kano H, Mathieu D, et al. Radiosurgery for craniopharyngioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;78:64-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20005637?tool=bestpractice.com 针对体积较小、与视神经距离较远的残余肿瘤,可采用立体定向放射外科治疗。使用这种方法,通过直线加速器 (linear accelerator, LINAC) 或者多方向钴射线(伽马刀),可递送单次较大分割或几次分割的放射剂量。尽管对其他颅内轴外肿瘤(例如脑膜瘤)的治疗经验显示出其可靠性和有效性,但是研究较为局限。由于视交叉和视神经对较大分割放射剂量治疗的耐受性相对较差,这种放射治疗仅用于那些与重要神经结构距离较远的肿瘤。而且,这种治疗方法受到肿瘤大小和部位的限制:最适用于较小的半球肿瘤 (<2 cm)。[32]Habrand JL, Ganry O, Couanet D, et al. The role of radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngioma: a 25-year experience and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:255-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10760417?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Chung WY, Pan DH, Shiau CY, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(suppl 3):47-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11143262?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Scarzello G, Buzzaccarini MS, Perilongo G, et al. Acute and late morbidity after limited resection and focal radiation therapy in craniopharyngiomas. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;19 Suppl 1:399-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700317?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Minniti G, Saran F, Traish D, et al. Fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy following conservative surgery in the control of craniopharyngiomas. Radiother Oncol. 2007;82:90-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161483?tool=bestpractice.com
许多病例显示,放射治疗可导致垂体功能低下,从而需要行激素替代治疗。[20]Sorva R, Heiskanen O, Perheetupa J. Craniopharyngioma surgery in children: endocrine and visual outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998;4:97-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3401877?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Scarzello G, Buzzaccarini MS, Perilongo G, et al. Acute and late morbidity after limited resection and focal radiation therapy in craniopharyngiomas. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;19 Suppl 1:399-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700317?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Müller HL. Consequences of craniopharyngioma surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1981-1991.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/7/1981.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508127?tool=bestpractice.com 其他的可能并发症包括视力丧失(继发于放射治疗诱发的视神经病)、少见的颞叶前部放射性损伤/坏死、下丘脑放射性损伤以及神经系统认知功能障碍。[39]Poretti A, Grotzer MA, Ribi K, et al. Outcome of craniopharyngioma in children: long-term complications and quality of life. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:220-229.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00476.x/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15077699?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Kiehna EN, Mulhem RK, Li C, et al. Changes in attentional performance of children and young adults with localized primary brain tumors after conformal radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5283-5290.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/33/5283http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114662?tool=bestpractice.com
内分泌疗法
根据特定的内分泌激素缺乏行内分泌替代治疗。[4]Karavitaki N, Cudlip S, Adams CB, et al. Craniopharyngiomas. Endocr Rev. 2006;27:371-397.http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/27/4/371.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543382?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Halac I, Zimmerman D. Endocrine manifestations of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:640-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16047216?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Hopper N, Albanese A, Ghirardello S, et al. The preoperative endocrine assessment of craniopharyngiomas. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(suppl 1):325-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700307?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Garre ML, Cama A. Craniopharyngioma: modern concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007;19:471-479.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630614?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Müller HL. Consequences of craniopharyngioma surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1981-1991.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/7/1981.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508127?tool=bestpractice.com 手术并未改善基线内分泌功能障碍(高泌乳素血症可能除外)。事实上,治疗后内分泌功能紊乱的发生率反而增加,这是手术结果之一(经鼻蝶手术的风险最低)。
特定内分泌激素缺乏症的发生率约为:生长激素 (75%)、低促性腺激素性腺功能障碍 (75%)、ACTH缺乏症 (25%)、甲状腺功能低下 (25%)、尿崩症(>70% 的儿童,50%的成人)。[4]Karavitaki N, Cudlip S, Adams CB, et al. Craniopharyngiomas. Endocr Rev. 2006;27:371-397.http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/27/4/371.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543382?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Halac I, Zimmerman D. Endocrine manifestations of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:640-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16047216?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Hopper N, Albanese A, Ghirardello S, et al. The preoperative endocrine assessment of craniopharyngiomas. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(suppl 1):325-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700307?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Müller HL. Consequences of craniopharyngioma surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1981-1991.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/7/1981.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508127?tool=bestpractice.com
复发或难治性颅咽管瘤的治疗
可通过临床或影像学诊断复发性或难治性颅咽管瘤。如果有症状,可行再次手术治疗。而有些病例,复发可能表现为重新形成钙化的囊性病变,需行手术引流(穿刺抽吸),有时可行囊内置管和帽状腱膜下储液囊。从而可行反复液体抽取,必要时向囊内滴注放射性胶体磷/钇。[41]Julow J, Backlund E-O, Lanyi F, et al. Long-term results and late complications after intracavitary yttrium-90 colloid irradiation of recurrent cystic craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurgery. 2007;61:288-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17762741?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Van den Berg JH, Blaauw G, Breeman WA, et al. Intracavitary brachytherapy of cystic craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:545-550.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1527612?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Pollack IF, Lunsford LD, Slamovits TI, et al. Stereotaxic intracavitary irradiation for cystic craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg. 1988;68:227-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3276836?tool=bestpractice.com 也可选择化疗药物;许多化疗药物已用于颅咽管瘤的治疗,如博来霉素、氨甲喋呤和阿糖孢苷。
在特殊情况下(例如既往手术/放射治疗无效,无法行再次手术),患者可进行全身性化疗。[44]Liubinas SV, Munshey AS, Kaye AH. Management of recurrent craniopharyngioma. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18:451-457.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21316970?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,关于难治性颅咽管瘤的化疗研究信息较少,目前没有标准的全身性化疗方案。
长期后遗症
除颅咽管瘤及内分泌激素缺乏应及时治疗之外,尤为重要的是,应对患者(尤其是儿童患者)及时发现和治疗潜在的长期后遗症,例如迟发性视神经萎缩和垂体功能低下、肥胖、高脂血症和糖尿病。[38]Müller HL. Consequences of craniopharyngioma surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1981-1991.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/7/1981.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508127?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Sahakitrungruang T, Klomchan T, Supornsilchai V, et al. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin dynamics in children after craniopharyngioma surgery. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170:763-769.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107605?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Lo AC, Howard AF, Nichol A, et al. Long-term outcomes and complications in patients with craniopharyngioma: the British Columbia Cancer Agency experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;88:1011-1018.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24661653?tool=bestpractice.com
对生活质量产生重大影响。最应将颅咽管瘤看作多维慢性疾病。[47]Müller HL. Childhood craniopharyngioma. Pituitary. 2013;16:56-67.http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11102-012-0401-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678820?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,颅咽管瘤成人患者相对于一般人群,心血管疾病风险显著升高,它将加重这些患者已普遍存在的健康不佳状况。[48]Erfurth EM. Endocrine aspects and sequel in patients with craniopharyngioma. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015;28:19-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25514328?tool=bestpractice.com