许多稳定但放射影像学上显示发育不良的髋关节可能具有一个自行改善的自然病程,因此,对于此类髋关节异常是否需要治疗方面存在一些争议。[26]Vallamshetla VR, Mughal E, O'Hara JN. Congenital dislocation of the hip: a re-appraisal of the upper age limit for treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;88:1076-1081.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16877609?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Lorente Molto FJ, Gregori AM, Casas LM, et al. Three-year prospective study of developmental dysplasia of the hip at birth: should all dislocated or dislocatable hips be treated? J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22:613-621.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12198463?tool=bestpractice.com尽管如此,鉴别出需要治疗的患儿以改善他们的预期结果仍然非常重要。治疗主要依据症状出现时的年龄、脱位是否为先天性以及髋关节不稳和发育不良的严重程度。畸形的脱位髋关节包括出生前固定畸形的髋关节。
一般而言,及早诊断并开始治疗可在微创介入的情况下获得较高的治疗成功率,且并发症发病率较低。[28]Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:401-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11730331?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Dezateux C, Rosendahl K. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Lancet. 2007;369:1541-1552.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482986?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Murray T, Cooperman DR, Thompson GH, et al. Closed reduction for treatment of development dysplasia of the hip in children. Am J Orthop. 2007;36:82-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676175?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Weinstein SL. Natural history of congenital hip dislocation (CDH) and hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;225:62-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3315382?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Weinstein SL. Congenital hip dislocation: long-range problems, residual signs and symptoms after successful treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;281:69-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1499230?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Mencio GA. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. In: Sponseller PD, ed. Orthopedic knowledge update, pediatrics 2. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 2002:161-172.[34]Zionts LE, MacEwen GD. Treatment of the congenital dislocation of the hip in children between ages of one and three years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:829-846.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3733773?tool=bestpractice.com 临床检查中,应将髋关节不稳定或疑似髋关节异常(包括半脱位)的婴儿和儿童转诊至小儿骨外科医生,以进行临床、声像图和/或放射影像监测和治疗(如需要)。
治疗目的是:
获得并维持稳定的髋关节同心复位
优化功能和解剖结果
避免并发症。
6 月龄以下婴儿
髋关节发育不良
若发育不良持续存在或恶化,则应考虑使用Pavlik吊带以进一步确保最佳的髋关节发育。患儿 6 月龄时,有必要通过 X 线片评估进行序列随访。次优的放射影像发现提示有必要做进一步评估和治疗,可能包括麻醉下检查、关节造影和人字形石膏。[35]Imrie M, Scott V, Stearns P, et al. Is ultrasound screening for DDH in babies born breech sufficient? J Child Orthop. 2010;4:3-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811678/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19915881?tool=bestpractice.com
髋关节半脱位
对于髋关节半脱位的新生儿,建议做长达 3 周的观察,无需治疗干预,因为大多数患儿都可自行恢复。[28]Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:401-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11730331?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Guille JT, Pizzutillo PD, MacEwen GD. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from birth to six months. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:232-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10951112?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然使用三叠式尿片不大可能损害婴儿或其髋关节发育,但是在保持 3 周龄及以下婴儿髋关节稳定方面,该方法未显现出任何额外优势。[28]Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:401-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11730331?tool=bestpractice.com
3 周后,持久半脱位患者有必要接受针对脱位髋关节的治疗。
髋关节脱位:非畸形
畸形的髋关节脱位指出生前髋关节固定脱位。髋关节外展矫正器(夹板),例如常用的Pavlik吊带,可使脱位的髋关节90% 以上的时间实现闭合复位。[28]Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:401-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11730331?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Weinstein S. Natural history and treatment outcomes of childhood hip disorders. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;344:227-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9372774?tool=bestpractice.com 需要至少 3 个月频繁的常规临床随访,以尽量减少潜在并发症并确保关节稳定与发育正常。例如,支撑矫正器内的次优体位、强力外展和/或屈曲过度都可能导致继发缺血性坏死 (AVN) 和神经麻痹。据报道,使用Pavlik吊带引发 AVN 的发病率从 0% 到超过 7% 不等。[28]Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:401-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11730331?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Weinstein S. Natural history and treatment outcomes of childhood hip disorders. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;344:227-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9372774?tool=bestpractice.com在更严重或困难的病例中往往采用更为极端的体位以实现复位,这似乎与较高的 AVN 率相关。[28]Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:401-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11730331?tool=bestpractice.com
若在使用吊带 3~4 周后仍未取得髋关节稳定复位,则必须停用吊带以防后外侧髋臼侵蚀和发育异常,即Pavlik吊带病现象。[32]Weinstein SL. Congenital hip dislocation: long-range problems, residual signs and symptoms after successful treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;281:69-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1499230?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Cashman JP, Round J, Taylor G, et al. The natural history of developmental dysplasia of the hip after early supervised treatment in the Pavlik harness: a prospective, longitudinal follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84:418-425.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/84-B/3/418.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002504?tool=bestpractice.com可考虑更为坚强的髋关节外展夹板。[39]Swaroop VT, Mubarak SJ. Difficult-to-treat Ortolani-positive hip: improved success with new treatment protocol. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29:224-230.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305270?tool=bestpractice.com
夹板疗法失败的患儿需要在全身麻醉下接受正式的闭合复位,并使用关节影像确认和放置人字形石膏固定(一种包括躯干和一或两侧下肢的石膏固定方式)。[40]Papavasiliou VA, Papavasiliou AV. Surgical treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in the periadolescent period. J Orthop Sci. 2005;10:15-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15666117?tool=bestpractice.com
对于闭合复位尝试失败的患儿,建议做切开复位术结合人字石膏固定。[31]Weinstein SL. Natural history of congenital hip dislocation (CDH) and hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;225:62-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3315382?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Hedequist D, Kasser J, Emans J. Use of an abduction brace for developmental dysplasia of the hip after failure of Pavlik harness use. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23:175-177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604946?tool=bestpractice.com
髋关节脱位:畸形
6~18 个月龄儿童
髋关节脱位:非畸形
畸形的髋关节脱位指出生前髋关节固定脱位。对于大多数 6~18 个月龄的髋关节脱位患儿,推荐疗法为全身麻醉下进行闭合复位,并使用关节影像确认和放置人字形石膏固定。
对于闭合复位尝试失败的患儿,可能需要做切开复位。[31]Weinstein SL. Natural history of congenital hip dislocation (CDH) and hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;225:62-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3315382?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Hedequist D, Kasser J, Emans J. Use of an abduction brace for developmental dysplasia of the hip after failure of Pavlik harness use. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23:175-177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604946?tool=bestpractice.com
髋关节脱位:畸形
18 个月以上至 6 岁儿童
对于畸形脱位髋关节患儿和非畸形脱位患儿,建议进行切开复位手术辅以人字形石膏固定。畸形的髋关节脱位指出生前髋关节固定脱位。
6 岁以上儿童
6 岁以上患儿几无重塑可能性,因此建议对已无法通过切开复位手术和重建治疗的症状性髋关节进行挽救性截骨术。该组患者可能包括残余髋臼发育不良以及未检测出、异常或先前已接受髋关节治疗的大龄儿童和青少年。挽救性截骨术将增加负重面,并将关节外骨支撑放置于存在半脱位且/或已变形的股骨头上。髋臼或骨盆截骨术可减少残余发育不良情况,并增加股骨头覆盖面以增加关节负重面,从而降低退行性病变的可能性。
闭合复位结合人字形石膏固定
该术式需要将染料注入关节以勾画出股骨头关节软骨,评估复位。在闭合复位前,可进行皮肤牵引 2~3 周以降低缺血性坏死 (AVN) 风险。但是,其总体疗效尚有争论。[42]Terjesen T, Halvorsen V. Long-term results after closed reduction of latedetected hip dislocation: 60 patients followed up to skeletal maturity. Acta Orthop. 2007;78:236-246.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17464613?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Thomas SR, Wedge JH, Salter RB. Outcome at forty-five years after open reduction and innominate osteotomy for late- presenting developmental dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:2341-2350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17974875?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Malvitz TA, Weinstein SL. Closed reduction for congenital dysplasia of the hip: functional and radiographic results after an average of thirty years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:1777-1792.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7989383?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,往往会进行内收肌腱切断术以减少内收挛缩并实现更高的外展和股骨头稳定,然后再进行人字形石膏固定。
应持续进行石膏固定直至髋关节稳定。此后通常会从石膏固定转为夹板固定,并且当骨科医生认为不采取支撑措施也可保持稳定时,可按医生判断停用。
当实现髋关节脱位的闭合复位后,需要进行持续的序列放射影像监测以监视可能出现的残余发育不良、复发性不稳定和缺血性坏死 (AVN)。
切开复位结合人字形石膏固定
该手术能够移除关节腔内阻挡并实现同心复位及关节囊缝合,这将使关节稳定。应持续进行石膏固定直至髋关节稳定。
此后通常会从石膏固定转为夹板固定,并且当骨科医生认为不采取支撑措施也可保持稳定时,可按医生判断停用。
这项在大龄儿童中进行的更具挑战性的外科手术具有使无症状性脱位髋关节转化为有症状性髋关节发育不良的风险。因此,无症状性双侧髋关节脱位的切开复位术年龄上限为 6 岁左右。[45]Mubarek S, Garfin S, Vance R, et al. Pitfalls in the use of the Pavlik harness for treatment of congenital dysplasia, subluxation, and dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:1239-1248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7287794?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Jones GT, Schoenecker PL, Dias LS. Developmental hip dysplasia potentiated by inappropriate use of the Pavlik harness. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12:722-726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1452739?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Weinstein SL. Traction in developmental dislocation of the hip: is its use justified? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;338:79-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9170365?tool=bestpractice.com
在切开复位时可进行股骨短缩性切骨术,以降低复位难度,并有助于通过解除髋关节相关软组织受压来最大限度降低 AVN 风险。[48]Moseley CF. Developmental hip dysplasia and dislocation: management of the older child. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:547-553.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11372358?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Wenger DR, Bomar JD. Human hip dysplasia: evolution of current treatment concepts. J Orthop Sci. 2003;8:264-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12665970?tool=bestpractice.com 可能需要骨盆截骨术来解决不稳定、股骨头覆盖不够或残余髋臼发育不良问题。