预后取决于发病年龄、所需治疗程度以及并发症的发生。髋关节脱位的闭合或切开复位手术成功取决于患儿股骨头和髋臼的重塑潜能以获得具有足够覆盖率的球形关节。幼儿的该项重塑潜能更为可靠,并可在复位后最初的 12~18 个月中实现重塑。在后续生长过程中,重塑潜能仍会保持但可能会降低。[33]Mencio GA. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. In: Sponseller PD, ed. Orthopedic knowledge update, pediatrics 2. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 2002:161-172.
为评估功能性成果,需要长期随访直至骨骼成熟和成年后。髋关节放射影像特征差的患儿在童年和青春期仍可能正常发挥功能,但是在后期可能变为有症状性髋关节。[51]Kahle WK, Anderson MB, Alpert J, et al. The value of preliminary traction in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:1043-1047.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2384503?tool=bestpractice.com此外,还可能出现迟发性放射影像并发症。[52]Mladenov K, Dora C, Wicart P, et al. Natural history of hips with borderline acetabular index and acetabular dysplasia in infants. J. Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22:607-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12198462?tool=bestpractice.com一般而言,与较差预后相关的因素包括干预时年龄较大、高度脱位、残余半脱位以及缺血性坏死证据。[7]Schwend RM, Pratt WB, Fultz J. Untreated acetabular dysplasia of the hip in the Navajo: a 34 year case series followup. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;364:108-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10416399?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Zionts LE, MacEwen GD. Treatment of the congenital dislocation of the hip in children between ages of one and three years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:829-846.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3733773?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Moseley CF. Developmental hip dysplasia and dislocation: management of the older child. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:547-553.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11372358?tool=bestpractice.com
未经治疗的髋关节半脱位和脱位
未经治疗的髋关节半脱位的自然病程包括女性平均在 30 多岁以及男性平均在 50 多岁时出现症状。[34]Zionts LE, MacEwen GD. Treatment of the congenital dislocation of the hip in children between ages of one and three years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:829-846.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3733773?tool=bestpractice.com虽然假髋臼的表现伴有早期退行性关节炎和疼痛,但是高位完全脱位可能在中年时仍几乎无症状表现。未经治疗的单侧髋关节脱位可能更有问题,因为肢体不等长、膝外翻和背痛。[5]Shipman SA, Helfand M, Moyer VA, et al. Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic literature review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e557-e576.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/117/3/e557http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510634?tool=bestpractice.com
接受Pavlik吊带闭合治疗的婴儿
对于使用Pavlik吊带治疗的婴儿,成功率接近 90% 且并发症发生率较低。对于大多数接受治疗的髋关节,缺血性坏死发生率在 1%~3% 之间。股神经麻痹发病率为 2.5% 且通常短暂,吊带卸除后即会消退。[53]Tibrewal S, Gulati V, Ramachandran M. The Pavlik method: a systematic review of current concepts. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2013;22:516-520.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995089?tool=bestpractice.com
接受切开复位的大龄儿童
对于发病较晚并需要更积极干预的髋关节,应多加注意其治疗成果。据报道并发症发生率在 12%~60% 之间,变化很大。[51]Kahle WK, Anderson MB, Alpert J, et al. The value of preliminary traction in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:1043-1047.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2384503?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Schoenecker PL, Strecker WB. Congenital dislocation of the hip in children: comparison of the effects of femoral shortening and of skeletal traction in treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:21-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6690440?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Lindstrom JR, Ponseti IV, Wenger DR. Acetabular development after reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:112-118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/759420?tool=bestpractice.com 在一系列具有发育性髋关节脱位延迟表现并接受切开复位术和截骨术的患儿中,确认了在 30 岁时有 99% 的生存率,40 岁时有 86% 的生存率以及 45 岁时有 54% 的生存率。[56]Tucci JJ, Kumar SJ, Guille JT, et al. Late acetabular dysplasia following early successful Pavlik harness treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11:502-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1860952?tool=bestpractice.com
残余异常
一般而言,对于残余半脱位和发育不良,已治疗和未治疗的髋关节似乎具有相似的反应。随着疼痛及退行性病变的放射影像证据出现后,骨关节炎会进展迅速。[5]Shipman SA, Helfand M, Moyer VA, et al. Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic literature review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e557-e576.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/117/3/e557http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510634?tool=bestpractice.com残余发育不良髋关节似乎比高位完全脱位的预后差。[41]Hedequist D, Kasser J, Emans J. Use of an abduction brace for developmental dysplasia of the hip after failure of Pavlik harness use. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23:175-177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604946?tool=bestpractice.com