铅中毒

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Blood lead levels: United States, 1988-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43:545-548.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance: United States, 2003-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:876-879.

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Harvey B, ed. Managing elevated blood lead levels among young children: recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2002.

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Mahaffey KR. Nutrition and lead: strategies for public health. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103(suppl 6):191S-196S.

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Yeoh B, Woolfenden S, Lanphear B, et al. Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD006047.

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1.  Rabinowitz M. Historical perspective on lead biokinetic models. Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106(suppl 6):1461S-1465S.

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2.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Blood lead levels: United States, 1988-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43:545-548.

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3.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance: United States, 2003-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:876-879.

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4.  Harvey B, ed. Managing elevated blood lead levels among young children: recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2002.

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5.  Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics. Medical management guidelines for lead-exposed adults. April 2007. http://www.aoec.org (last accessed 22 March 2016).

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6.  Tripathi RK, Sherertz PC, Llewellyn GC, et al. Lead exposure in outdoor firearm instructors. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:753-755.

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7.  Levin R, Brown MJ, Kashtock ME, et al. Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: implications for prevention. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:1285-1293.

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8.  Maas RP, Patch SC, Morgan DM, et al. Reducing lead exposure from drinking water: recent history and current status. Public Health Rep. 2005;120:316-321.

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9.  Brown MJ, Margolis S. Lead in drinking water and human blood lead levels in the United States. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012;61(suppl):1-9.

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10.  Mahaffey KR. Nutrition and lead: strategies for public health. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103(suppl 6):191S-196S.

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11.  Rabinowitz MB, Wetherill GW, Kopple JD. Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans. J Clin Invest. 1976;58:260-270.

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12.  Goyer RA. Nutrition and metal toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(3 suppl):646S-650S.

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13.  Marchetti C. Molecular targets of lead in brain neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res. 2003;5:221-236.

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14.  Cremin JD Jr, Smith DR. In vitro vs in vivo Pb effects on brain protein kinase C activity. Environ Res. 2002;90:191-199.

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15.  Fujita H, Nishitani C, Ogawa K. Lead, chemical porphyria, and heme as a biological mediator. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2002;196:53-64.

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16.  Senut MC, Cingolani P, Sen A, et al. Epigenetics of early-life lead exposure and effects on brain development. Epigenomics. 2012;4:665-674.

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17.  Nolan CV, Shaikh ZA. Lead nephrotoxicity and associated disorders: biochemical mechanisms. Toxicology. 1992;73:127-146.

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18.  Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, et al. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115:472-482.

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19.  Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:894-899.

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20.  Jusko TA, Henderson CR, Lanphear BP, et al. Blood lead concentrations < 10 microg/dL and child intelligence at 6 years of age. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:243-248.

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21.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing lead poisoning in young children. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2005.

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22.  Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, et al. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1517-1526.

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23.  Krigman MR, Hogan EL. Effect of lead intoxication on the postnatal growth of the rat nervous system. Environ Health Perspect. 1974;7:187-199.

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24.  Silbergeld EK. Toward the twenty-first century: lessons from lead and lessons yet to learn. Environ Health Perspect. 1990;86:191-196.

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25.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Interpreting and managing blood lead levels < 10 microg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56:1-16.

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26.  American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Lead exposure in children: prevention, detection, and management. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1036-1046.

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27.  Dolcourt JL, Hamrick HJ, O'Tuama LA, et al. Increased lead burden in children of battery workers: asymptomatic exposure resulting from contaminated work clothing. Pediatrics. 1978;62:563-566.

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28.  Hu H, Rabinowitz M, Smith D. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms. Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106:1-8.

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29.  Schwartz BS, Caffo B, Stewart WF, et al. Evaluation of cumulative lead dose and longitudinal changes in structural magnetic resonance imaging in former organolead workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2010;52:407-414.

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30.  Brubaker CJ, Dietrich KN, Lanphear BP, et al. The influence of age of lead exposure on adult gray matter volume. Neurotoxicology. 2010;31:259-266.

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31.  Brubaker CJ, Schmithorst VJ, Haynes EN, et al. Altered myelination and axonal integrity in adults with childhood lead exposure: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30:867-875.

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32.  Gorospe EC, Gerstenberger SL. Atypical sources of childhood lead poisoning in the United States: a systematic review from 1966-2006. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008;46:728-737.

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33.  Abelsohn AR, Sanborn M. Lead and children: clinical management for family physicians. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56:531-535.

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34.  Rischitelli G, Nygren P, Bougatsos C, et al. Screening for elevated lead levels in childhood and pregnancy: an updated summary of evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e1867-e1895.

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35.  Wengrovitz AM, Brown MJ; Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning, Division of Environmental and Emergency Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for blood lead screening of Medicaid-eligible children aged 1-5 years: an updated approach to targeting a group at high risk. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58:1-11.

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36.  Boreland F, Lyle D. Screening children for elevated blood lead: learnings from the literature. Sci Total Environ. 2008;390:13-22.

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37.  Yeoh B, Woolfenden S, Lanphear B, et al. Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD006047.

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38.  Bradberry S, Vale A. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer; DMSA) in inorganic lead poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;4:617-631.

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39.  Bradberry S, Vale A. A comparison of sodium calcium edetate (edetate calcium disodium) and succimer (DMSA) in the treatment of inorganic lead poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;47:841-858.

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40.  Dietrich KN, Ware JH, Salganik M, et al; Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children Clinical Trial Group. Effect of chelation therapy on the neuropsychological and behavioral development of lead-exposed children after school entry. Pediatrics. 2004;114:19-26.

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41.  Chen A, Rhoads GG, Cai B, et al. The effect of chelation on blood pressure in lead-exposed children: a randomized study. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:579-583.

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42.  Chisolm JJ Jr, Harrison HE. The treatment of acute lead encephalopathy in children. Pediatrics. 1957;19:2-20.

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43.  Padilha RQ, Riera R, Átallah AN. Homeopathic Plumbum metallicum for lead poisoning: a randomized clinical trial. Homeopathy. 2011;100:116-121.

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44.  Treatment guidelines for lead exposure in children. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Pediatrics. 1995;96:155-160.

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45.  Bellinger DC. The protean toxicities of lead: new chapters in a familiar story. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Jul;8(7):2593-628.

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46.  Gorini F, Muratori F, Morales MA. The role of heavy metal pollution in neurobehavioral disorders: a focus on autism. Rev J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;1(4):354-72.

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47.  Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Systematic review and meta-analysis links autism and toxic metals and highlights the impact of country development status: higher blood and erythrocyte levels for mercury and lead, and higher hair antimony, cadmium, lead, and mercury. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 14;79(Pt B):340-68.

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48.  Choi YH, Hu H, Mukherjee B, et al. Environmental cadmium and lead exposures and hearing loss in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1544-1550.

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49.  Shargorodsky J, Curhan SG, Henderson E, et al. Heavy metals exposure and hearing loss in US adolescents. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;137:1183-1189.

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