有泌尿道症状(排尿困难、尿频、尿急、耻骨上疼痛、肋脊角痛)的男性的尿液培养结果显示,一种微生物生长≥10^2菌落形成单位(CFU)/ml,或培养出一种主要微生物,可证实泌尿系统感染的存在。[1]Schaeffer AJ. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, ed. Campbells' urology, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2002.[3]Lipsky BA, Schaberg DR. Managing urinary tract infections in men. Hosp Prac. 2000;35:53-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10645989?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Roberts RG, Hartlaub PP. Evaluation of dysuria in men. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:865-872.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498112?tool=bestpractice.com
病史
大多数男性泌尿系统感染发生在50岁之后,且发生率在那些居住在长期护理机构的男性中最高。
排尿困难常常由感染导致。[8]Roberts RG, Hartlaub PP. Evaluation of dysuria in men. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:865-872.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498112?tool=bestpractice.com此外,尿频、尿急,以及耻骨上疼痛是泌尿系统感染的信号。肋脊角痛表明泌尿系统感染扩展到肾脏(肾盂肾炎)。直肠或会阴疼痛可以表明泌尿系统感染与前列腺炎有关。男性患者可出现尿道分泌物,或有与尿流受损相关的症状,如尿等待或夜尿。[1]Schaeffer AJ. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, ed. Campbells' urology, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2002.[3]Lipsky BA, Schaberg DR. Managing urinary tract infections in men. Hosp Prac. 2000;35:53-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10645989?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Smith JW, Jones SR, Reed WP, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in men. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91:544-548.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/384858?tool=bestpractice.com最后,病史包括明确全身症状(如发热、寒战)和可能的免疫功能低下的状态(如糖尿病),这些可能表明患者病情更严重需要住院治疗。
既往病史可以揭示促进泌尿系统感染的如下风险:[3]Lipsky BA, Schaberg DR. Managing urinary tract infections in men. Hosp Prac. 2000;35:53-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10645989?tool=bestpractice.com
先前的泌尿系统感染
良性前列腺增生(BPH)
尿路结石
之前的泌尿外科手术或治疗
近期住院治疗。
社交史将确定性行为和偏好;特别是肛交会增加泌尿系统感染的风险。
体格检查
体格检查可用于排除症状的其他可能原因。它至少应该包括腹部、生殖器、直肠以及肋脊角的触诊。
前列腺疼痛肿胀、固定增大或结节状分别提示前列腺炎、前列腺增生和前列腺癌。
阴茎病变或分泌物提示性传播感染。
附睾或睾丸触痛或肿胀分别意味着附睾炎或睾丸炎的存在。
发热可能在复杂性泌尿系统感染的患者中出现。
实验室检查
对怀疑泌尿系统感染的男性,试纸或显微镜尿液分析(U/A)是初始的检测方法。如果试纸对亚硝酸盐和白细胞酯酶检测是阴性的,或显微镜U/A对细菌和白细胞检测是阴性的,则除外感染,但这些标志物的存在也不能明确为泌尿系统感染。[5]Hummers-Pradier E, Kochen MM. Urinary tract infections in adult general practice patients. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:752-761.http://bjgp.org/content/bjgp/52/482/752.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12236281?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Devillé WL, Yzermans JC, van Duijn NP, et al. The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections: a meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol. 2004;4:4.http://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2490-4-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175113?tool=bestpractice.com阴性结果应促使寻找导致患者出现症状的其他原因。
具有典型泌尿系统感染症状的男性如U/A检测为阳性应继续行尿培养并在等待培养结果时行经验性抗生素治疗。U/A 检测为阳性的男性,获得尿液的革兰氏染色可以指导初始抗生素的选择;然而,这不是必需的,因为基于预计的病原菌可以选择给予经验性治疗。革兰氏染色,如同U/A,不能明确泌尿系统感染的存在。[18]Cornia PB, Takahashi TA, Lipsky BA. The microbiology of bacteriuria in men: a 5-year study at a Veterans' Affairs hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;56:25-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16713165?tool=bestpractice.com因为男性非传统微生物的潜在可能,培养是明确诊断泌尿系统感染所必须的。[1]Schaeffer AJ. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, ed. Campbells' urology, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2002.[21]Stamm WE, Hooton TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1328-1334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413414?tool=bestpractice.com对于有症状的男性,培养显示一种微生物≥10^2CFU/ml,或培养出一种主要微生物,可确诊泌尿系统感染。获取中段清洁尿标本用于培养可媲美耻骨上抽吸或导尿管标本。[43]Lipsky BA, Ireton RC, Fihn SD, et al. Diagnosis of bacteriuria in men: specimen collection and culture interpretation. J Infect Dis. 1987:155:847-854.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3559288?tool=bestpractice.com
对于在门诊和长期护理机构的患者方法上无差异。然而,在长期护理中,U/A对泌尿系统感染的预测性更低,因为这些患者中大部分具有与无症状菌尿相关的脓尿。[7]Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:643-654.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/5/643.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714408?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Shortliffe LM, McCue JD. Urinary tract infection at the age extremes: pediatrics and geriatrics. Am J Med. 2002;112(suppl 1A):55S-66S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12113872?tool=bestpractice.com但U/A阴性确实排除了泌尿系统感染的存在。[7]Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:643-654.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/5/643.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714408?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Shortliffe LM, McCue JD. Urinary tract infection at the age extremes: pediatrics and geriatrics. Am J Med. 2002;112(suppl 1A):55S-66S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12113872?tool=bestpractice.com
细菌感染的生物标志物,如骨髓细胞可溶性触发受体表达(sTREM-1),由于其结果的低敏感性,在男性泌尿系统感染的检测上不是一种可靠的方法。[41]Naber KG, Cho YH, Matsumoto T, et al. Immunoactive prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections: a meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33:111-119.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18963856?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Jiyong J, Tiancha H, Wei C, et al. Diagnostic value of the soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in bacterial infection: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:587-595.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18936908?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Masson P, Matheson S, Webster AC, et al. Meta-analyses in prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009;23:355-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393914?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学
尿路平片(KUB)CT、超声或静脉尿路造影成像,应用于:[1]Schaeffer AJ. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, ed. Campbells' urology, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2002.[4]Ronald AR, Harding GK. Complicated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997;11:583-592.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9378924?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Ulleryd P, Zackrisson B, Aus G, et al. Selective urological evaluation in men with febrile urinary tract infection. BJU Int. 2001;88:15-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11446838?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of suspected bacterial urinary tract infection in adults: a national clinical guideline. July 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 19 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign88.pdf
那些有排尿障碍但无明确病因的患者如良性前列腺增生
治疗失败的病例
那些具有持续性血尿的患者
那些有上尿路感染迹象的患者。
虽然泌尿系统感染的男性影像学检查经常会有异常发现,但它通常不会改变治疗。因此,它不适用于所有病例。[4]Ronald AR, Harding GK. Complicated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997;11:583-592.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9378924?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Ulleryd P, Zackrisson B, Aus G, et al. Selective urological evaluation in men with febrile urinary tract infection. BJU Int. 2001;88:15-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11446838?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Krieger JN, Ross SO, Simonsen JM. Urinary tract infections in healthy university men. J Urol. 1993;149:1046-1048.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483206?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Lipsky BA. Prostatitis and urinary tract infection in men: what's new; what's true? Am J Med. 1999;106:327-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10190383?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Stamm WE, Hooton TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1328-1334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413414?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Andrews SJ, Brooks PT, Hanbury DC, et al. Ultrasonography and abdominal radiography versus intravenous urography in investigation of urinary tract infection in men: prospective incident cohort study. BMJ. 2002;324:454-456.http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7335/454.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859046?tool=bestpractice.com
医务人员必须根据当地资源和被怀疑的潜在病因来选择影像技术。CT扫描提供了最佳的整体细节,但价格昂贵。如果怀疑结石,KUB是有帮助,但CT扫描更加可靠。如果怀疑梗阻,超声检查可以鉴别。与其他成像模式相比,静脉尿路造影(IVU)用处有限,如果CT或超声为阴性,但仍怀疑,或者患者期望选择较便宜的检查,可以考虑采取IVU。