儿童期行为失眠包括入睡相关障碍和限制设置障碍。
行为失眠非常普遍,并影响20%~30%的≤5岁儿童。[5]Morgenthaler TI, Owens J, Alessi C, et al. Practice parameters for behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children. Sleep. 2006;29:1277-1281.http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/PP_NightWakingsChildren.pdf在男孩中更多见。[1]Blader JC, Koplewicz HS, Abikoff H, et al. Sleep problems of elementary school children. A community study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:473-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9158439?tool=bestpractice.com
入睡相关障碍更多见于婴幼儿。限制设置障碍最常见于幼儿和学龄前儿童。
在儿童早期出现的睡眠障碍模式可以逐渐演变成很多儿童的慢性问题。[6]Kataria S, Swanson MS, Trevathon GE. Persistence of sleep disturbances in preschool children. J Pediatr. 1987;110:642-646.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3559818?tool=bestpractice.com
睡眠相位延迟障碍/综合征是一种昼夜节律性障碍。在昼夜节律性障碍中,睡眠相位延迟障碍/综合征在儿童中最常见,其中青少年患病率为5%~10%。[7]Mindell JA, Owens JA. A clinical guide to pediatric sleep: diagnosis and management of sleep problems. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.[8]National Sleep Foundation. Summary of findings. 2006. http://www.sleepfoundation.org (last accessed 7 July 2017).http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2006_summary_of_findings.pdf[9]Dagan Y, Eisenstein M. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: toward a more precise definition and diagnosis. Chronobiol Int. 1999;16:213-222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10219492?tool=bestpractice.com
1%~4%的儿科人群患有睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)。[3]Lumeng JC, Chervin RD. Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:242-252.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1513/pats.200708-135MGhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250218?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Boss EF, Smith DF, Ishman SL. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:299-307.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295865?tool=bestpractice.com它与许多有害结局有关,包括认知、发育和行为损害,高血压,葡萄糖代谢降低和心血管、脑血管病增加。[11]Halbower A, Degaonkar M, Barker PB, et al. Childhood obstructive sleep apnea associates with neuropsychological deficits and neuronal brain injury. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e301.http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030301http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16933960?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Montgomery-Downs HE, Gozal D. Snore-associated sleep fragmentation in infancy: mental development effects and contribution of secondhand cigarette smoke exposure. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e496-e502.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/117/3/e496.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510628?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Mitchell RB, Kelly J. Behavioral changes in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing or obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:1685-1688.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17667138?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Li AM, Au CT, Sung RYT, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure in children with obstructive sleep apnoea - a community based study. Thorax. 2008;63:803-809.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388205?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Tamura A, Kawano Y, Watanabe T, et al. Relationship between the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and impaired glucose metabolism in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Med. 2008;102:1412-1416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18606532?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Parish J, Somers V. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:1036-1046.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2811%2962579-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15301332?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Nishibayashi M, Miyamoto M, Miyamoto T, et al. Correlation between severity of obstructive sleep apnea and prevalence of silent cerebrovascular lesions. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4:242-247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2546457http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18595437?tool=bestpractice.com儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病有时出现在被确诊之前的数月至数年。[18]Jennum P, Ibsen R, Kjellberg J. Morbidity and mortality in children with obstructive sleep apnoea: a controlled national study. Thorax. 2013;68:949-954.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/68/10/949.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23749842?tool=bestpractice.com阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停在儿童特定的亚组中具有更高的患病率,如颅面畸形、肌张力减低、唐氏综合征或肥胖的儿童。[19]Stebbens VA, Dennis J, Samuels MP, et al. Sleep related upper airway obstruction in a cohort with Down's syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:1333-1338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1793297/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1836718?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Marcus CL, Keens TG, Bautista DB, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 1991;88:132-139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1829151?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Redline S, Tishler P, Aylor J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for sleep disordered breathing in children (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:A843.[22]Landis CE, Redline S. Pediatric sleep apnea: implications of the epidemic of childhood overweight. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:436-441.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200606-790PPhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158283?tool=bestpractice.com睡眠呼吸暂停的高峰年龄为3~6岁。[23]Rosen CL. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children: diagnostic challenges. Sleep. 1996;19(10 suppl):S274-S277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9085530?tool=bestpractice.com打鼾通常是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的突出症状,但不是所有患阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的患儿都有打鼾。10%~14%的6岁以下儿童经常会打鼾。[24]Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea - a population health perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:1217-1239.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2109080http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11991871?tool=bestpractice.com能够明确区分儿童原发性打鼾和睡眠呼吸暂停的唯一方法是行多导睡眠图检查。[25]Chesson AL, Ferber RA, Fry JM, et al. The indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Sleep. 1997;20:423-487.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302726?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130:576-584.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/576.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926173?tool=bestpractice.com
夜间遗尿、异态睡眠、发作性睡病和不宁腿综合征也可在儿童中出现。夜间遗尿更多见于男孩,男性比女性多3倍。在5岁之前出现夜间遗尿被认为是与年龄相适应的,因此小于5岁儿童不能诊断该疾病。[27]Thiedke CC. Nocturnal enuresis. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:1499-1506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12722850?tool=bestpractice.com5岁儿童的发病率为15%~25%,12岁男孩发病率为8%。原发性夜间遗尿症是指一直遗尿的孩子,而继发性夜间遗尿是指在既往有连续6个月不遗尿的孩子。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停被认为是继发性夜间遗尿症的原因之一。[28]Barone JG, Hanson C, DaJusta DG, et al. Nocturnal enuresis and overweight are associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e53-e59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564269?tool=bestpractice.com
发作性睡病的发病率为25~50/100 000。发病的年龄分布是双峰的,一个峰值发生在15岁,另一个在35岁。[29]Longstreth WT Jr, Koepsell TD, Ton TG, et al. The epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2007;30:13-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17310860?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Dauvilliers Y, Montplaisir J, Molinari N, et al. Age at onset of narcolepsy in two large populations of patients in France and Quebec. Neurology. 2001;57:2029-2033.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739821?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Zarcone V. Narcolepsy. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:1156-1166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4349356?tool=bestpractice.com它通常在症状出现5~10年后才能被诊断。
一项大型研究中发现不宁腿综合征在8~11岁儿童中患病率为1.9%,12~17岁儿童中患病率为2.0%。[32]Picchietti D, Allen RP, Walters AS, et al. Restless legs syndrome: prevalence and impact in children and adolescents - the Peds REST Study. Pediatrics. 2007;120:253-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671050?tool=bestpractice.com
近期变换时区也可能影响昼夜节律,其发病率随给定时间内人群迁移数量变化而波动。
注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的睡眠障碍发生率比对照组更高,包括睡眠障碍性呼吸、睡前抵抗、夜醒、日间嗜睡。[33]Cortese S, Faraone SV, Konofal E, et al. Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:894-908.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625983?tool=bestpractice.com