对于在初级医疗卫生中观察到有危险因素的儿童和青少年,需要进行抑郁症筛查。[58]Siu AL; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression in children and adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 1;164(5):360-6.http://annals.org/aim/article/2490528/screening-depression-children-adolescents-u-s-preventive-services-task-forcehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26858097?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Asarnow JR, Rozenman M, Wiblin J, et al. Integrated medical-behavioral care compared with usual primary care for child and adolescent behavioral health: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Oct;169(10):929-37.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2422331http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26259143?tool=bestpractice.com 危险因素包括:
到精神疾病医疗机构进行治疗的儿童通常需要接受抑郁症筛查,因为抑郁症与其他精神疾病共患的可能性非常高。
Reynolds 青少年/儿童抑郁量表 (RADS/RCDS)
RADS/RCDS[60]Reynolds WM. Reynolds adolescent depression scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1987.[61]Reynolds WM. Reynolds child depression scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1987. 是一个儿童和家长报告抑郁的工具,具有有用的心理特性。且是一个有效的筛查工具,但可能不适用于监测治疗结局。[62]Myers K, Winters NC. Ten-year review of rating scales. I: Overview of scale functioning, psychometric properties, and selection. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;41(2):114-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11837400?tool=bestpractice.com 其有多种语言版本,对儿童和青少年都适用。并且受到版权保护,所以必须从出版商处购买。
心境和情感调查问卷 (MFQ)
MFQ 是一个自己、家长和老师报告的儿童和青少年抑郁量表。[63]Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, et al. The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res. 1995;5:237-49. 它是良好的筛查工具,可用于临床和研究环境。[64]Messer SC, Angold A, Loeber R, et al. The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: factor composition and structure across development. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res. 1995;5:251-62. 可在线评估用于临床和研究。Duke University: Mood and Feelings Questionnaire 现已证明简短版本的 MFQ (MFQ-SF) 在初级医疗保健环境中筛查 11-17 岁青少年重症抑郁障碍是敏感的。[65]Katon W, Russo J, Richardson L, et al. Anxiety and depression screening for youth in a primary care population. Ambul Pediatr. 2008 May-Jun;8(3):182-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453063/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501865?tool=bestpractice.com
Beck 抑郁量表 (Beck depression inventory, BDI)
BDI 广泛用于青少年自我评估抑郁量表,具有良好的心理评估属性。[66]Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Manual. 2nd ed. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1993.[62]Myers K, Winters NC. Ten-year review of rating scales. I: Overview of scale functioning, psychometric properties, and selection. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;41(2):114-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11837400?tool=bestpractice.com 它受到版权保护,所以必须从出版商处购买。
儿童抑郁量表 (child depression inventory, CDI)
CDI 是一个包括 27 项、有关抑郁症和/或心境恶劣障碍症状的自测评估。[67]Kovacs, M. Children’s depression inventory. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc; 1992. 项目分为 5 个因素区域。CDI 是被广泛使用和接受的具有高度可靠性的评估抑郁症状严重程度的量表。
患者健康问卷 (PHQ-9):青少年
PHQ-9 是一个筛查、诊断和监测抑郁症或心境恶劣症状严重性的心理评估。[68]Richardson LP, McCauley E, Grossman DC, et al. Evaluation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010 Dec;126(6):1117-23.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217785/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041282?tool=bestpractice.com 它是一个简短的自我报告量表,项目 9 包括自杀意念的筛查问题。已经在初级医疗保健中确定了诊断的有效性。