解剖学异常导致卵巢扭转所占的比例最高。特别是存在囊肿和肿瘤(包括良性和恶性)占所有病例的 90% 以上,其余发生在正常大小的卵巢。[3]Varras M, Tsikini A, Polyzos D, et al. Uterine adnexal torsion: pathologic and gray-scale ultrasonographic findings. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998184?tool=bestpractice.com肿瘤占存在解剖学异常相关病例的 46%,其余为囊肿。在绝经后妇女,倾向于恶性肿瘤的可能性较高。绝大多数(大于 90%)卵巢扭转的病例是缘于良性疾病。[3]Varras M, Tsikini A, Polyzos D, et al. Uterine adnexal torsion: pathologic and gray-scale ultrasonographic findings. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998184?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Sommerville M, Grimes DA, Koonings PP, et al. Ovarian neoplasms and the risk of adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164:577-578.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1992704?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Bayer AI, Wiskind AK. Adnexal torsion: can the adnexa be saved? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171:1506-1510.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7802059?tool=bestpractice.com
卵巢的大小似乎是易发扭转的一个较强因素。卵巢越大,发生扭转的机会越大。但没有不发生和易发扭转的绝对大小。在儿童患者中,多达 50% 的扭转发生于正常大小的卵巢,并且无解剖学异常。[3]Varras M, Tsikini A, Polyzos D, et al. Uterine adnexal torsion: pathologic and gray-scale ultrasonographic findings. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998184?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Anders JF, Powell EC. Urgency of evaluation and outcome of acute ovarian torsion in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:532-35.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=486037http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939851?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Kives S, Gascon S, Dubuc É, et al. No. 341 - diagnosis and management of adnexal torsion in children, adolescents, and adults. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39:82-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241927?tool=bestpractice.com
正常卵巢出现扭转可能是由于输卵管过长、输卵管系膜或卵巢系膜过长,或是由于便秘、乙状结肠膨胀、妊娠、月经初潮前激素活动或显著震动的活动等原因导致附件静脉淤血所致。[18]Cass DL. Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005;14:86-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846564?tool=bestpractice.com腹压突然增加(例如咳嗽、呃逆、排便和呕吐等引起)可能会推动卵巢在其蒂部发生旋转。[19]Houry D, Abbott JT. Ovarian torsion: a fifteen-year review. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:156-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468611?tool=bestpractice.com发生于右侧的扭转高于左侧,二者比例约为 3:2。[20]Beaunoyer M, Chapdelaine J, Bouchard S, et al. Asynchronous bilateral ovarian torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:746-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15137011?tool=bestpractice.com