治疗的目的是预防卵巢的不可逆损害。为达到这一目的,可疑诊断,需要及时手术干预。
以往,为了防止潜在的血栓栓塞的风险,标准的治疗方法是剖腹手术切除受累卵巢。很多研究不支持这一观点,认为这种担忧缺乏依据。这些研究发现,尽管扭转的卵巢外观暗淡呈现黑蓝色,松解扭转仍可保留卵巢并恢复其正常功能和生育力。因此,治疗方法已经从切除患侧卵巢改为腹腔镜下卵巢扭转复位术。根据手术医生的专业经验,也可进行剖腹手术而不采取腹腔镜手术。[24]Bar-On S, Mashiach R, Stockheim D, et al. Emergency laparoscopy for suspected ovarian torsion: are we too hasty to operate? Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2012-2015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159873?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Mashiach S, Bider D, Moran O, et al. Adnexal torsion of hyperstimulated ovaries in pregnancies after gonadotropin therapy. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:76-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2295348?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Way S. Ovarian cystectomy of twisted cysts. Lancet. 1946;2:47-48.[43]McGovern PG, Noah R, Koenigsberg R, et al. Adnexal torsion and pulmonary embolism: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1999;54:601-608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10481857?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Gorkemli H, Camus M, Clasen K. Adnexal torsion after gonadotropin ovulation induction for IVF or ICSE and its conservative treatment. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2002;267:4-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12410364?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Ben-Rafael Z, Bider D, Mashiach S. Laparoscopic unwinding of twisted ischemic hemorrhagic adnexum after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:569-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2137796?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Oelsner G, Bider D, Goldenberg M, et al. Long-term follow-up of the twisted ischemic adnexa managed by detorsion. Fertil Steril. 1993;60:976-979.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8243702?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Oelsner G, Cohen SB, Soriano D, et al. Minimal surgery for the twisted ischaemic adnexa can preserve ovarian function. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:2599-2602.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/12/2599.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645177?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Cohen SB, Wattiez A, Seidman DS, et al. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for detorsion and sparing of twisted ischemic adnexa. JSLS. 2003;7:295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14626393?tool=bestpractice.com
外科评估
一旦诊断卵巢扭转,患者即应禁食。选择剖腹手术还是腹腔镜手术,取决于手术医生的技能,两种术式治疗效果相同。腹腔镜手术因其住院时间短、术后疼痛轻、止痛药物使用少和降低术后发热的发生率而优于剖腹手术。[48]Cohen SB, Wattiez A, Seidman DS, et al. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for detorsion and sparing of twisted ischemic adnexa. JSLS. 2003;7:295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14626393?tool=bestpractice.com手术时机延迟可能导致卵巢挽救治疗的几率降低。[17]Kives S, Gascon S, Dubuc É, et al. No. 341 - diagnosis and management of adnexal torsion in children, adolescents, and adults. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39:82-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241927?tool=bestpractice.com
在进行手术时应进行术中评估。无论卵巢实际外表如何,可能暗淡且呈黑蓝色或看上去已经坏死,均强烈建议采用扭转复位保守性手术。[2]Oelsner G, Shashar D. Adnexal torsion. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006;49:459-463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16885653?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Bar-On S, Mashiach R, Stockheim D, et al. Emergency laparoscopy for suspected ovarian torsion: are we too hasty to operate? Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2012-2015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159873?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Cohen SB, Wattiez A, Stockheim D, et al. The accuracy of serum interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor as markers for ovarian torsion. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:2195-2197.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/10/2195.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11574515?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Cohen SB, Wattiez A, Seidman DS, et al. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for detorsion and sparing of twisted ischemic adnexa. JSLS. 2003;7:295-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14626393?tool=bestpractice.com手术时可能不可见颜色恢复。如果扭转伴有卵巢囊肿,宜实施囊肿切除术。应避免仅行囊肿引流而不切除囊肿壁,因为这将增加复发几率。[26]Rousseau V, Massicot R, Darwish AA, et al. Emergency management and conservative surgery of ovarian torsion in children: a report of 40 cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2008;21:201-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18656074?tool=bestpractice.com
或者,如果认为卵巢不能存活,可施行输卵管卵巢切除术。如果可疑恶性,亦应同样处理。然而,恶性肿瘤发生的概率极低。[26]Rousseau V, Massicot R, Darwish AA, et al. Emergency management and conservative surgery of ovarian torsion in children: a report of 40 cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2008;21:201-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18656074?tool=bestpractice.com输卵管也随附件发生扭转可严重损伤输卵管,常需要以手术切除。
同侧扭转复发或非同期对侧卵巢发生扭转的准确风险尚未可知。似乎处于 2% 至 5% 之间。[20]Beaunoyer M, Chapdelaine J, Bouchard S, et al. Asynchronous bilateral ovarian torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:746-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15137011?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Oelsner G, Cohen SB, Soriano D, et al. Minimal surgery for the twisted ischaemic adnexa can preserve ovarian function. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:2599-2602.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/12/2599.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645177?tool=bestpractice.com复发更常见于儿童卵巢扭转手术时未发现基础病变者,文献报告风险为 2% 至 11.4%。[18]Cass DL. Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005;14:86-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846564?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Beaunoyer M, Chapdelaine J, Bouchard S, et al. Asynchronous bilateral ovarian torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:746-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15137011?tool=bestpractice.com对于扭转复发病例的治疗方法是相同的。