卵巢扭转的表现缺乏特异性,且没有绝对特征性的临床征象,所以这使得诊断具有困难。确诊为卵巢扭转的患者,术前正确诊断率仅为 37% 至 47%。[1]Hibbard LT. Adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152:456-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4014339?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Houry D, Abbott JT. Ovarian torsion: a fifteen-year review. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:156-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468611?tool=bestpractice.com因此,当女性出现盆腔或腹部疼痛时,应该考虑到卵巢扭转的诊断。临床医生区分卵巢扭转和其他类似疾病是困难的,需要鉴别诊断的疾病有异位妊娠、阑尾炎、卵巢囊肿、盆腔炎症性疾病 (PID)、泌尿道感染 (UTI)、肾结石和子宫内膜异位症等。虽然使用影像学方法能够协助诊断,但临床上并不是都能获取到具有特征性的影像学图像。因此,更多的是需要临床判断。明确诊断须经手术证实。为了做出诊断并及时手术以保留卵巢功能,可疑病例必须考虑到卵巢扭转。
临床表现概述
大多数患者表现为突发下腹部疼痛,通常伴有恶心和呕吐。疼痛为持续或间歇性、慢性或急性,也可向背部、侧腹部或腹股沟放射。卵巢扭转最常见的体征和症状为:[19]Houry D, Abbott JT. Ovarian torsion: a fifteen-year review. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:156-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468611?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Littman ED, Rydfors J, Milki AA. Exercise-induced ovarian torsion in the cycle following gonadotropin therapy: case report. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1641-1642.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/8/1641.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12871875?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Yen CF, Lin SL, Murk W, et al. Risk analysis of torsion and malignancy for adnexal masses during pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:1895-1902.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359024?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Bar-On S, Mashiach R, Stockheim D, et al. Emergency laparoscopy for suspected ovarian torsion: are we too hasty to operate? Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2012-2015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159873?tool=bestpractice.com
疼痛:70% 至 96%
恶心或呕吐:25% 至 70%
腹泻:8%
触及附件肿块:47% 至 53%
反跳痛或肌紧张:14% 至 17%
触痛
局限性:68% 至 90%
弥漫性:20%
附件区:73%
触动宫颈时疼痛:13%
发热:小于 2%
在患者有近期接受不育治疗或剧烈活动之后发生的严重下腹疼痛,应考虑卵巢扭转的可能性。有时可见于孕妇及可能伴随咳嗽或呃逆导致的腹内压突然增加。卵巢和卵巢冠囊肿以及卵巢肿瘤有时与卵巢扭转发生相关。[21]Littman ED, Rydfors J, Milki AA. Exercise-induced ovarian torsion in the cycle following gonadotropin therapy: case report. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1641-1642.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/8/1641.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12871875?tool=bestpractice.com
特定人群的诊断
妊娠
当孕妇出现腹痛时,应考虑卵巢扭转诊断。估计 10% 至 20% 的卵巢扭转病例发生在妊娠期间。[1]Hibbard LT. Adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152:456-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4014339?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Houry D, Abbott JT. Ovarian torsion: a fifteen-year review. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:156-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468611?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Cavaco-Gomes J, Jorge Moreira C, Rocha A, et al. Investigation and management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:3012802.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2016/3012802/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27119043?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Mashiach S, Bider D, Moran O, et al. Adnexal torsion of hyperstimulated ovaries in pregnancies after gonadotropin therapy. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:76-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2295348?tool=bestpractice.com妊娠早期发生扭转的风险最高(多达 58% 的病例)。[22]Cavaco-Gomes J, Jorge Moreira C, Rocha A, et al. Investigation and management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:3012802.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2016/3012802/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27119043?tool=bestpractice.com
临床通常缺乏特异性,伴有严重下腹疼痛、恶心、呕吐、白细胞增多,并可能出现可触及肿块。临床怀疑是做出诊断最重要的手段。[4]Pinto AB, Ratts VS, Williams DB, et al. Reduction of ovarian torsion 1 week after embryo transfer in a patient with bilateral hyperstimulated ovaries. Fertil Steril. 2001;76:403-406.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11476798?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Rackow BW, Patrizio P. Successful pregnancy complicated by early and late adnexal torsion after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2007;87:697.e9-e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17141765?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Weitzman VN, DiLuigi AJ, Maier DB, et al. Prevention of recurrent adnexal torsion. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:2018.e1-2018.e3.http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282%2808%2900511-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410937?tool=bestpractice.com妊娠期进行常规超声检查也能发现偶发性附件肿块。[22]Cavaco-Gomes J, Jorge Moreira C, Rocha A, et al. Investigation and management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:3012802.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2016/3012802/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27119043?tool=bestpractice.com
婴幼儿
由于 15% 的病例出现在婴幼儿时期,因此对于表现出急性腹痛或盆腔疼痛且伴随呕吐的幼儿,不应忽略卵巢扭转诊断的可能性。[18]Cass DL. Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005;14:86-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846564?tool=bestpractice.com此外,儿童患者可能表现出弥漫性腹痛而非局部腹痛。[16]Anders JF, Powell EC. Urgency of evaluation and outcome of acute ovarian torsion in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:532-35.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=486037http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939851?tool=bestpractice.com在新生儿阶段,卵巢扭转的出现可能伴有喂食不能、呕吐、腹胀和吵闹不安。
盆腹部超声是最重要的诊断手段,因为婴幼儿不合适经阴道超声 (transvaginal ultrasound, TVUS)。[26]Rousseau V, Massicot R, Darwish AA, et al. Emergency management and conservative surgery of ovarian torsion in children: a report of 40 cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2008;21:201-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18656074?tool=bestpractice.com
绝经后期
卵巢扭转病例的24% 至 27% 发生在绝经后期。[27]Chiou SY, Lev-Toaff AS, Masuda E, et al. Adnexal torsion: new clinical and imaging observations by sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26:1289-1301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901133?tool=bestpractice.com绝经后女性卵巢扭转病例中,高达 86% 报告有附件肿块。[27]Chiou SY, Lev-Toaff AS, Masuda E, et al. Adnexal torsion: new clinical and imaging observations by sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26:1289-1301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901133?tool=bestpractice.com在这些病例中,大约 22% 至 25% 为恶性。[28]Eitan R, Galoyan N, Zuckerman B, et al. The risk of malignancy in post-menopausal women presenting with adnexal torsion. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;106:211-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482243?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Lee RA, Welch JS. Torsion of the uterine adnexa. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1967;97:974-977.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6021113?tool=bestpractice.com
检查
所有出现腹痛或盆腔疼痛的女性都应该进行妊娠试验和全血计数。然而,并无特异性的实验检查所见。可进行尿液检验以排除泌尿道感染,并以基因探针或宫颈培养物评估有无盆腔炎症性疾病。由于阑尾炎可能与卵巢扭转表现类似,因此也应加以排除。
对出现盆腔疼痛且怀疑为卵巢扭转的患者,应进行经阴道超声检查以确定是否存在卵巢囊肿、输卵管周围囊肿或卵巢增大。对怀疑是卵巢扭转的儿童,适于进行腹部超声检查。超声检查最常见的发现是出现异质性增大的卵巢。超声检查结果取决于扭转持续时间和程度,以及是否存在卵巢肿块。[24]Bar-On S, Mashiach R, Stockheim D, et al. Emergency laparoscopy for suspected ovarian torsion: are we too hasty to operate? Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2012-2015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159873?tool=bestpractice.com在经手术确诊为扭转的病例中,70% 患者的术前超声检查可见囊性、实质性或混合性附件肿块以及子宫直肠窝内游离液体。[3]Varras M, Tsikini A, Polyzos D, et al. Uterine adnexal torsion: pathologic and gray-scale ultrasonographic findings. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998184?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Albayram F, Hamper UM. Ovarian and adnexal torsion: spectrum of sonographic findings with pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20:1083-1089.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11587015?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Breech LL, Hillard PJ. Adnexal torsion in pediatric and adolescent girls. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;17:483-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16141762?tool=bestpractice.com
提示扭转的超声检查结果包括:附件固定于子宫底部、附件壁增厚、单侧卵巢增大、增大卵巢周围有多个滤泡及囊内出血。[32]Shadinger LL, Andreotti RF, Kurian RL. Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096725?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Scoutt LM, Baltarowich OH, Lev-Toaff AS. Imaging of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Clin. 2007;2:311-325.在附件肿块和子宫之间可能有增厚的输卵管呈现异质性纺锤状或管状结构。[32]Shadinger LL, Andreotti RF, Kurian RL. Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096725?tool=bestpractice.com遗憾的是超声能成功检测到病变的几率极低,只有 46% 至 74%。[24]Bar-On S, Mashiach R, Stockheim D, et al. Emergency laparoscopy for suspected ovarian torsion: are we too hasty to operate? Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2012-2015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159873?tool=bestpractice.com因此,超声观察到的正常卵巢不能排除扭转的可能性。
多普勒血流超声有助于附件扭转的诊断,可明确进入卵巢的血流是否减少或消失。回顾性分析经手术确诊为卵巢扭转病例资料,发现在 54% 至 60% 的病例中多普勒血流是正常的。[11]Pena JE, Ufberg D, Cooney N, et al. Usefulness of Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion. Fertil Steril. 2000;73:1047-1050.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10785237?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Shadinger LL, Andreotti RF, Kurian RL. Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27:7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096725?tool=bestpractice.com当临床高度怀疑扭转时,存在血流不能排除扭转的诊断。超声多普勒血流的研究发现,卵巢血流缺失具有很高的诊断特异性。血流存在对于排除卵巢扭转诊断的预测价值较低。[11]Pena JE, Ufberg D, Cooney N, et al. Usefulness of Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion. Fertil Steril. 2000;73:1047-1050.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10785237?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Gordon JD, Hopkins KL, Jeffrey RB, et al. Adnexal torsion: color Doppler diagnosis and laparoscopic treatment. Fertil Steril. 1994;61:383-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8299800?tool=bestpractice.com联合使用多普勒与三维或二维超声检查,使得临床怀疑扭转病例的诊断时间缩短,保留卵巢功能的病例增加。但必须强调卵巢多普勒血流结果正常不能排除扭转的可能性。[30]Albayram F, Hamper UM. Ovarian and adnexal torsion: spectrum of sonographic findings with pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20:1083-1089.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11587015?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Fleischer AC. Ultrasound imaging-2000: assessment of utero-ovarian blood flow with transvaginal color Doppler sonography: potential clinical applications in infertility. Fertil Steril. 1991;55:684-691.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2009994?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Ben-Ami M, Perlitz Y, Haddad S. The effectiveness of spectral and color Doppler in predicting ovarian torsion: a prospective study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;104:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12128265?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Yaman C, Ebner T, Jesacher K. Three-dimensional power Doppler in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20:513-515.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00834.x/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423493?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Lee EJ, Kwon HC, Joo HJ, et al. Diagnosis of ovarian torsion with color Doppler sonography: depiction of twisted vascular pedicle. J Ultrasound Med. 1998;17:83-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9527577?tool=bestpractice.com
计算机断层扫描 (CT) 和磁共振成像 (MRI) 在卵巢扭转所见包括输卵管增厚、扭转的附件囊肿平滑的壁增厚、腹水及子宫偏向扭转侧。[33]Scoutt LM, Baltarowich OH, Lev-Toaff AS. Imaging of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Clin. 2007;2:311-325.[39]Kimura I, Togashi K, Kawakami S, et al. Ovarian torsion: CT and MR imaging appearances. Radiology. 1994;190:337-341.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8284378?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung SE, et al. CT and MR imaging features of adnexal torsion. Radiographics. 2002;22:283-294.http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiographics.22.2.g02mr02283http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896219?tool=bestpractice.comCT 和 MRI 的诊断价值较经阴道超声 (TVUS) 为低,其评估耗时更长,花费更高。[27]Chiou SY, Lev-Toaff AS, Masuda E, et al. Adnexal torsion: new clinical and imaging observations by sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26:1289-1301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901133?tool=bestpractice.com
对于临床高度怀疑扭转的患者,手术中直接看到扭转是最确切的诊断手段。确诊的同时进行治疗。
虽然研究认为血清标记物如白介素-6 可以作为卵巢扭转的标志物,但尚不能准确地帮助诊断,所以通常不推荐使用。[41]Cohen SB, Wattiez A, Stockheim D, et al. The accuracy of serum interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor as markers for ovarian torsion. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:2195-2197.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/10/2195.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11574515?tool=bestpractice.com