大部分麦克尔憩室 (MD) 无症状,终身并发症发生率为 4% 至 6%。[9]Soltero MJ, Bill AH. The natural history of Meckel's diverticulum and its relation to incidental removal: a study of 202 cases of diseased Meckel's diverticulum found in King County, Washington, over a fifteen year period. Am J Surg. 1976;132:168-173.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/952346?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Cullen JJ, Kelly KA. Current management of Meckel's diverticulum. Adv Surg. 1996;29:207-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8720004?tool=bestpractice.com症状性并发症通常由憩室内的异位组织或连接憩室顶端与腹壁的残留带引起。出血和梗阻是最常见的主要症状。
约 60% 的 MD 存在异位黏膜,在> 60% 的病例为异位胃黏膜。(大多数非胃异位组织的 MD 存在胰腺组织。[1]Turgeon DK, Barnett JL. Meckel's diverticulum. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:777-781.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2196781?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Yahchouchy EK, Marano AF, Etienne JC, et al. Meckel's diverticulum. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:658-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333103?tool=bestpractice.com)儿童和成人患者中,出血发生于 30% 至 40% 的症状性患者中。[12]Sagar J, Kumar V, Shah DK. Meckel's diverticulum: a systematic review. J R Soc Med. 2006;99:501-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17021300?tool=bestpractice.com[13]St-Vil D, Brandt ML, Panic S, et al. Meckel’s diverticulum in children: a 20-year review. J Pediatr Surg. 1991:26:1289-1292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1812259?tool=bestpractice.com高达 90% 的出血性憩室存在分泌胃酸的异位胃黏膜,从而导致邻近憩室的回肠黏膜溃疡。[1]Turgeon DK, Barnett JL. Meckel's diverticulum. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:777-781.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2196781?tool=bestpractice.com值得关注的是,尚未显示幽门螺杆菌会感染 MD异位胃黏膜,因此不认为其在症状性 MD 中发挥作用。[14]Fich A, Talley NJ, Shorter RG, et al. Does Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of Meckel's diverticulum? Mayo Clin Proc. 1990;65:187-191.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2304363?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Chan GS, Yuen ST, Chu KM, et al. Helicobacter pylori in Meckel's diverticulum with heterotopic gastric mucosa in a population with relatively high H. pylori prevalence rate. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14:313-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10207778?tool=bestpractice.com
各种病因的肠梗阻也是成人和儿童的常见主要症状,发生于几乎 40% 的症状性成人患者。[5]Yahchouchy EK, Marano AF, Etienne JC, et al. Meckel's diverticulum. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:658-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333103?tool=bestpractice.com[13]St-Vil D, Brandt ML, Panic S, et al. Meckel’s diverticulum in children: a 20-year review. J Pediatr Surg. 1991:26:1289-1292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1812259?tool=bestpractice.com梗阻可能由几种机制导致:[1]Turgeon DK, Barnett JL. Meckel's diverticulum. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:777-781.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2196781?tool=bestpractice.com
憩室炎发生于 20% 的症状性患者中,脐周疼痛并放射至右下腹,因此临床上与阑尾炎鉴别困难。[5]Yahchouchy EK, Marano AF, Etienne JC, et al. Meckel's diverticulum. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:658-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333103?tool=bestpractice.com已有报道关于 MD 的不典型部位,可能与活动或‘飘浮’的憩室有关。[7]El-Matary W, Roseman D, Lees G, et al. A mobile Meckel! Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:1525-1527.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19242720?tool=bestpractice.com一般而言,与阑尾相比 MD 不易出现炎症,这是因为多数憩室口较宽,因而形成梗阻的可能性较低。憩室性肠梗阻可引起肠道炎症、坏死和穿孔,从而导致脓肿、腹膜炎,或少见的腹腔积血。[8]Burt BM, Tavakkolizadeh A, Ferzoco SJ. Meckel's hemoperitoneum: a rare case of Meckel's diverticulitis causing intraperitoneal hemorrhage. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:1546-1548.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16927155?tool=bestpractice.com
MD 也可能是回肠恶性肿瘤的高风险区域。[16]Thirunavukarasu P, Sathaiah M, Sukumar S, et al. Meckel's diverticulum - a high-risk region for malignancy in the ileum. Insights from a population-based epidemiological study and implications in surgical management. Ann Surg. 2011;253:223-230.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135700?tool=bestpractice.com需要进一步研究验证和发现其背后的机制。