治疗方法取决于麦克尔憩室 (MD) 存在症状还是偶然被发现。
确定症状性 MD 的诊断后,应行手术切除憩室。[30]Fa-Si-Oen PR, Roumen RM, Croiset van Uchelen FA. Complications and management of Meckel's diverticulum: a review. Eur J Surg. 1999;165:674-678.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10452262?tool=bestpractice.com数项报告已显示,腹腔镜检查是诊断和切除 MD 的安全且有效的方法;[23]Chu UB, Beals DA, Schwartz RW. Laparoscopic management of Meckel's diverticulum. Curr Surg. 2001;58:458-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093064?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Chan KW, Lee KH, Mou JW, et al. Laparoscopic management of complicated Meckel's diverticulum in children: a 10-year review. Surg Endosc. 2008:22;1509-1512.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322735?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Crosthwaite GL, Leather AJ. Laparoscopy: the ultimate diagnostic tool for a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum. Aust N Z J Surg. 1997;67:223-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9137168?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Zitsman JL. Pediatric minimal-access surgery: update 2006. Pediatrics. 2006;118:304-308.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/1/304.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818579?tool=bestpractice.com选择剖腹探查术还是腹腔镜检查在很大程度上取决于外科医师的经验和偏好。
无症状性
在影像学检查中偶然发现的无症状 MD 通常无需治疗。
外科手术过程中发现的无症状 MD 是否给予适当治疗仍存在争议,且无循证指南。如需要对无症状 MD 进行预防性切除,通常单纯的憩室切除即可达到治疗目的。[1]Turgeon DK, Barnett JL. Meckel's diverticulum. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:777-781.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2196781?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Zani A, Eaton S, Rees CM, et al. Incidentally detected Meckel diverticulum: to resect or not to resect? Ann Surg. 2008;247:276-281.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216533?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Yahchouchy EK, Marano AF, Etienne JC, et al. Meckel's diverticulum. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:658-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333103?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Cullen JJ, Kelly KA, Moir CR, et al. Surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum: an epidemiologic, population-based study. Ann Surg. 1994;220:564-568.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1234434/pdf/annsurg00056-0170.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7944666?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Cullen JJ, Kelly KA. Current management of Meckel's diverticulum. Adv Surg. 1996;29:207-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8720004?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Sagar J, Kumar V, Shah DK. Meckel's diverticulum: a systematic review. J R Soc Med. 2006;99:501-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17021300?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Evers MB. Meckel's diverticulum. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, et al, eds. Sabiston textbook of surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:1321-1323.
一般而言,对于儿童或年轻成人,如果在非急诊手术中发现 MD,则应切除(尤其对于细颈型),前提条件是患者的基本情况和原发手术条件允许。[18]Matsagas MI, Fatouros M, Koulouras B, et al. Incidence, complications, and management of Meckel's diverticulum. Arch Surg. 1995;130:143-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848082?tool=bestpractice.com其他建议行预防性切除的特征包括:[6]Park JJ, Wolff BG, Tollefson MK, et al. Meckel diverticulum: the Mayo Clinic experience with 1476 patients (1950-2002). Ann Surg. 2005;241:529-533.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356994/pdf/20050300s00019p529.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15729078?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Sagar J, Kumar V, Shah DK. Meckel's diverticulum: a systematic review. J R Soc Med. 2006;99:501-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17021300?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Evers MB. Meckel's diverticulum. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, et al, eds. Sabiston textbook of surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:1321-1323.[33]The Lancet. Meckel's diverticulum: surgical guidelines at last? Lancet. 1983;2:438-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6135919?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Mackey WC, Dineen P. A fifty year experience with Meckel's diverticulum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983;156:56-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6600203?tool=bestpractice.com
对于年龄>50 岁的患者,无异位组织的偶发性 MD 通常应不予干预。[6]Park JJ, Wolff BG, Tollefson MK, et al. Meckel diverticulum: the Mayo Clinic experience with 1476 patients (1950-2002). Ann Surg. 2005;241:529-533.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356994/pdf/20050300s00019p529.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15729078?tool=bestpractice.comMD 可能是回肠恶性肿瘤的‘热点’,恶性肿瘤的风险随年龄增加。[16]Thirunavukarasu P, Sathaiah M, Sukumar S, et al. Meckel's diverticulum - a high-risk region for malignancy in the ileum. Insights from a population-based epidemiological study and implications in surgical management. Ann Surg. 2011;253:223-230.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135700?tool=bestpractice.com根据这一观察结果,一些人建议无论年龄老幼,所有偶发性 MD 均应予以切除。不过,考虑到 MD 相关回肠恶性肿瘤的发病率仍极低(1.44/1000 万人),需要进一步研究验证结果并更好地分析此建议。