急性非糜烂性胃炎最常由幽门螺杆菌感染引起。[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com慢性幽门螺杆菌感染使得易于发生萎缩性胃炎和自身免疫性胃炎。
急性非糜烂性胃炎可由长期使用非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)或饮酒或酗酒引起。[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[21]MacMath TL. Alcohol and gastrointestinal bleeding. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1990;8:859-872.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2226291?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com增加患者出现 NSAID 相关胃肠道 (GI) 并发症的因素包括:消化道事件的既往病史(溃疡、出血)、年龄>60岁、使用大剂量 NSAID,以及同时使用皮质类固醇或抗凝药物。[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com
由于幽门功能受损(例如胃部手术后)引起的胆盐反流入胃也可以引起糜烂性胃炎。[5]Bondurant FJ, Maull KI, Nelson HS Jr, et al. Bile reflux gastritis. South Med J. 1987;80:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3810208?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Niemala S. Duodenogastric reflux in patients with upper abdominal complaints or gastric ulcer with particular reference to reflux-associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;115:1-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3863229?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Niemala S, Karttunen T, Heikkila J, et al. Characteristics of reflux gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987;22:349-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3589504?tool=bestpractice.com[8]McAlhany JC Jr, Hanover TM, Taylor SM, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy for gastric disease. Ann Surg. 1994;219:451-455.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1243166&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8185395?tool=bestpractice.com
危重患者有发生应激性消化道出血的风险。[9]Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(suppl 2):S11-S17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905595?tool=bestpractice.com 临床发生严重出血的主要危险因素包括机械通气时间>48小时和凝血异常。[9]Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(suppl 2):S11-S17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905595?tool=bestpractice.com
自身免疫介导的萎缩性胃炎与出现针对胃壁细胞的抗体相关(见于大约90%的患者)。[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Kekki M, Siurala M, Varis K, et al. Classification principles and genetics of chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987;141:1-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3481655?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Davidson RJ, Atrah HI, Sewell HF. Longitudinal study of circulating gastric antibodies in pernicious anaemia. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:1092-1095.http://jcp.bmj.com/content/42/10/1092.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2584410?tool=bestpractice.com 一些自身免疫病增加了发生自身免疫性胃炎的风险,包括甲状腺疾病、特发性肾上腺皮质功能不全、白癜风、1型糖尿病和甲状旁腺功能减退。北欧或斯堪的纳维亚血统是自身免疫性胃炎一个已知的危险因素。[10]Kekki M, Siurala M, Varis K, et al. Classification principles and genetics of chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987;141:1-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3481655?tool=bestpractice.com
蜂窝织炎性胃炎是一种不常见的急性胃炎,由金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌、肠杆菌、其他革兰阴性细菌和魏氏梭菌引起。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com