治疗的目标是减轻胃部炎症,缓解症状,去除潜在的病因。[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN et al. ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(7):988-1013.https://www.nature.com/articles/ajg2017154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com幽门螺杆菌耐药菌株的出现导致产生了一系列强化根除治疗的方案。包括在抗生素疗法中加入一种含铋剂的盐、改变治疗疗程、采用序贯疗法(这仍然被认为是一种新兴治疗方案)。
幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎
采用最有可能根除幽门螺杆菌感染的治疗。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com 一线治疗选择包括三联疗法[一种质子泵抑制剂(PPI)联合2种抗生素]或四联疗法(一种PPI联合铋剂和两种抗生素)。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com 报道称根除率在70%-80%。[45]Katelaris PH, Forbes GM, Talley NJ, et al. A randomized comparison of quadruple and triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication: the QUADRATE study. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1763-1769.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12454831?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Gene E, Calvet X, Azagra R, et al. Triple vs. quadruple therapy for treating Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:1137-1143.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01566.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12752350?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统综述评价了不同治疗方案和治疗时间的疗效,得出的结论是,和7天的治疗方案相比,14天的治疗方案能够取得更好的清除率。[47]Yuan Y, Ford AC, Khan KJ, et al. Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2013;(12):CD008337.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008337.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338763?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to determine the optimum duration of triple therapy (proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics) for Helicobacter pylori eradication?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.498/full显示答案 当采用一种PPI联合克拉霉素和阿莫西林的三联治疗方案时,治疗时间通常为14天,青霉素过敏的患者可以使用甲硝唑代替阿莫西林。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Kavitt RT, Cifu AS. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection. JAMA. 2017;317(15):1572-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28418469?tool=bestpractice.com之前已经使用了大环内酯类抗生素或甲硝唑的患者,推荐使用7-14天的铋剂为基础的四联疗法(联合四环素、甲硝唑和一种PPI)。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com 这个方案也可以用于青霉素过敏的患者。 四联方案发生的不良反应并不比三联方案多。[49]Fischbach LA, van Zanten S, Dickason J. Meta-analysis: the efficacy, adverse events, and adherence related to first-line anti-Helicobacter pylori quadruple therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1071-1082.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02248.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569109?tool=bestpractice.com
一项以社区为基础的大型随机对照临床试验,评估了影响中国临朐县幽门螺杆菌阳性居民根除治疗的因素。[50]Pan KF, Zhang L, Gerhard M, et al. A large randomised controlled intervention trial to prevent gastric cancer by eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Linqu County, China: baseline results and factors affecting the eradication. Gut. 2016;65:9-18.http://gut.bmj.com/content/65/1/9.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25986943?tool=bestpractice.com 性别、体质指数、13C-尿素呼气检测自基线值的改变、遗漏的药物剂量、吸烟和酒精摄入增加都是根除失败的独立预测因素。[50]Pan KF, Zhang L, Gerhard M, et al. A large randomised controlled intervention trial to prevent gastric cancer by eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Linqu County, China: baseline results and factors affecting the eradication. Gut. 2016;65:9-18.http://gut.bmj.com/content/65/1/9.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25986943?tool=bestpractice.com
值得注意的是,已有报道称,包含克拉霉素的幽门螺杆菌根除疗法会增加神经精神事件的风险。[51]Wong AY, Wong IC, Chui CS, et al. Association between acute neuropsychiatric events and helicobacter pylori therapy containing clarithromycin. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:828-834.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27136661?tool=bestpractice.com
糜烂性胃炎
减少暴露于相关物质是必要的。[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com 对于那些非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)相关的胃炎,如果可能,应停止继续使用。[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com 增加患者发生 NSAID 相关胃肠道 (GI) 并发症风险的已知因素包括:消化道事件的既往病史(溃疡、出血)、年龄>60岁、使用大剂量 NSAID,以及同时使用皮质类固醇或抗凝药物。[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com
酒精相关胃炎应该鼓励患者减少或停止饮酒。[21]MacMath TL. Alcohol and gastrointestinal bleeding. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1990;8:859-872.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2226291?tool=bestpractice.com 对于必须使用 NSAID 的患者,使用 H₂ 受体拮抗剂或 PPI 进行对症治疗是有效的,并且是必要的。[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com对于长期使用 NSAID 的患者,即使不停用 NSAID,根除幽门螺杆菌也可能治愈胃炎。[52]De Leest HT, Steen KS, Bloemena E, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients on long-term treatment with NSAIDs reduces the severity of gastritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43:140-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18797408?tool=bestpractice.com
自身免疫性胃炎
自身免疫性胃炎患者有发生维生素 B₁₂ 吸收不良的风险,或者已经存在吸收不良。血清维生素 B₁₂ 低的患者应该肌内注射氰钴胺(维生素 B₁₂)进行补充,随后每月注射一次。尚未确定治疗的持续时间,但可能是长期的。[25]Torbenson M, Abraham SC, Boitnott J, et al. Autoimmune gastritis: distinct histological and immunohistochemical findings before complete loss of oxyntic glands. Mod Pathol. 2002;15:102-109.http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v15/n2/full/3880499a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11850538?tool=bestpractice.com 口服结晶性氰钴胺对这些患者的维生素 B₁₂ 维持治疗可能有一定作用,但需要进一步研究。
胆汁反流性胃炎
对于原发性胆汁反流患者,或者胃部或胆道手术后的反流患者,初始治疗应首选雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝缓解症状,而不是手术干预。[5]Bondurant FJ, Maull KI, Nelson HS Jr, et al. Bile reflux gastritis. South Med J. 1987;80:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3810208?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Niemala S. Duodenogastric reflux in patients with upper abdominal complaints or gastric ulcer with particular reference to reflux-associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;115:1-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3863229?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Niemala S, Karttunen T, Heikkila J, et al. Characteristics of reflux gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987;22:349-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3589504?tool=bestpractice.com 在雷贝拉唑的基础上联用铝碳酸镁(碱式碳酸铝镁)可以进一步减少反流事件的发生,包括持续时间超过 5 分钟的反流发作,但是对内镜下充血或组织炎症的作用无差异。[53]Chen H, Li X, Ge Z, et al. Rabeprazole combined with hydrotalcite is effective for patients with bile reflux gastritis after cholecystectomy. Can J Gastroenterol. 2010;24:197-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20352149?tool=bestpractice.com
对于既往接受胃部手术和症状持续存在的患者,可以考虑 Roux-en-Y 转流术。[8]McAlhany JC Jr, Hanover TM, Taylor SM, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy for gastric disease. Ann Surg. 1994;219:451-455.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1243166&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8185395?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,严重胆汁反流性胃炎引起胃病后再进行手术并不能逆转任何相关的胃萎缩或肠化生。[8]McAlhany JC Jr, Hanover TM, Taylor SM, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy for gastric disease. Ann Surg. 1994;219:451-455.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1243166&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8185395?tool=bestpractice.com
化脓性胃炎
化脓性胃炎是一种罕见却威胁生命的胃黏膜下和肌层的感染,见于虚弱的患者。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com 术前诊断比较困难,为了初步稳定脓毒症患者,需要给予充分液体复苏和早期胃肠外使用经验性抗生素治疗。[54]Jung JH, Choi HJ, Yoo J, et al. Emphysematous gastritis associated with invasive gastric mucormycosis: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22:923-927.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693866/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982248?tool=bestpractice.com 应将患者收入重症监护病房行中心静脉置管和容量复苏。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):304-377.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-017-4683-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28101605?tool=bestpractice.com静脉输液需要补充已丢失的体液,并纠正电解质紊乱。[55]Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):304-377.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-017-4683-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28101605?tool=bestpractice.com根据当前指南,应视情况使用血管加压药。[55]Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):304-377.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-017-4683-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28101605?tool=bestpractice.com 胃肠减压可减轻症状,并且可以采集胃液进行培养。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com
应该经验性静脉给予能够覆盖金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌、肠杆菌、其他革兰阴性细菌和魏氏梭菌的广谱抗生素。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com 经验性治疗部分取决于局部可疑细菌的感染类型。 胃液培养和药敏结果有助于指导特异性治疗。[54]Jung JH, Choi HJ, Yoo J, et al. Emphysematous gastritis associated with invasive gastric mucormycosis: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22:923-927.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693866/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982248?tool=bestpractice.com 疗程取决于临床治疗效果;一旦治疗有效,可以考虑改为口服治疗。 如果做到了早期诊断,可以给予抗生素和静脉输液保守治疗。[28]Park CW, Kim A, Cha SW, et al. A case of phlegmonous gastritis associated with marked gastric distension. Gut Liver. 2010;4:415-418.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2956360/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981225?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Rajendran S, Baban C, Lee G, et al. Rapid resolution of phlegmonous gastritis using antibiotics alone. BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009. pii: bcr02.2009.1541.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3027927/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21789106?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然鼻胃引流和抗生素治疗可能是有效的,但是许多病例仍需要进行部分/全胃切除术。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com 手术指征包括经最佳内科治疗后病情仍恶化、大部分胃受累、胃梗死或胃穿孔。[54]Jung JH, Choi HJ, Yoo J, et al. Emphysematous gastritis associated with invasive gastric mucormycosis: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22:923-927.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693866/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982248?tool=bestpractice.com
应激性胃炎的预防
危重患者有发生应激性消化道出血的风险。[9]Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(suppl 2):S11-S17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905595?tool=bestpractice.com 主要危险因素为机械通气时间>48 小时和凝血异常(血小板计数<50 x 10⁹/L [50 × 10³/μL],部分凝血活酶时间>2 倍正常上限,国际标准化比值>1.5)。
对于有风险的患者,应使用 H₂ 受体拮抗剂或质子泵抑制剂 (PPI)。也可以选择使用硫糖铝或米索前列醇。[9]Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(suppl 2):S11-S17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905595?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com