应该包括近期是否使用非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)或酗酒,因为这是引起糜烂性胃炎的常见原因。 5%-50%使用NSAIDs的患者有胃炎,但是只有10%-20%的患者存在消化不良的症状。[17]Larkai EN, Smith JL, Lidsky MD, et al. Gastroduodenal mucosa and dyspeptic symptoms in arthritic patients during chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987;82:1153-1158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3499815?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Singh G, Ramey DR, Morfeld D, et al. Gastrointestinal tract complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective observational cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1530-1536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8687261?tool=bestpractice.com 增加患者出现NSAID相关的胃肠道并发症的因素包括:既往出现消化道事件(消化性溃疡、出血)、年龄>60岁、使用大剂量NSAIDs,以及同时使用糖皮质激素或抗凝药物。[22]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM, et al. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:728-738.http://s3.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/NSAIDJournalPublicationFebruary2009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com 蜂窝织炎性胃炎也与近期摄入大量酒精相关。一种由魏氏梭菌引起的罕见变异型气肿性胃炎,与摄入腐蚀性物质相关。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com
应采集任何既往胃部或腹部手术史;胃部手术或胆道手术(包括胆囊切除术)被认为是导致胆汁反流性胃炎的原因。[5]Bondurant FJ, Maull KI, Nelson HS Jr, et al. Bile reflux gastritis. South Med J. 1987;80:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3810208?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Niemala S. Duodenogastric reflux in patients with upper abdominal complaints or gastric ulcer with particular reference to reflux-associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;115:1-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3863229?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Niemala S, Karttunen T, Heikkila J, et al. Characteristics of reflux gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987;22:349-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3589504?tool=bestpractice.com
危重患者有发生应激性消化道出血的风险。[9]Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(suppl 2):S11-S17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905595?tool=bestpractice.com 主要的危险因素是机械通气>48小时和凝血障碍。[9]Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(suppl 2):S11-S17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905595?tool=bestpractice.com
一些自身免疫病增加了发生自身免疫性胃炎的风险,包括甲状腺疾病、特发性肾上腺皮质功能不全、白癜风、1型糖尿病和甲状旁腺功能减退。[24]Toh BH, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1441-1448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9358143?tool=bestpractice.com 患者可能出现与维生素 B₁₂ 缺乏和恶性贫血相符的症状和体征(例如神经系统查体异常、认知损害、口角炎和萎缩性舌炎)。[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Davidson RJ, Atrah HI, Sewell HF. Longitudinal study of circulating gastric antibodies in pernicious anaemia. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:1092-1095.http://jcp.bmj.com/content/42/10/1092.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2584410?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Toh BH, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1441-1448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9358143?tool=bestpractice.com 患者经常有北欧或斯堪的纳维亚血统。[10]Kekki M, Siurala M, Varis K, et al. Classification principles and genetics of chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987;141:1-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3481655?tool=bestpractice.com
化脓性胃炎可表现为急性上腹痛、发热、严重呕吐和败血症。[11]Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:64-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003;22:150-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 2007;62:765-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:72-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com
内镜检查可以评估胃黏膜是否存在胃炎或其他病变。为进行组织学评估和幽门螺杆菌感染检测,可进行活检。[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN et al. ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(7):988-1013.https://www.nature.com/articles/ajg2017154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Evans JA, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of premalignant and malignant conditions of the stomach. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82(1):1-8.https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(15)02277-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25935705?tool=bestpractice.com
之前,消化不良的治疗指南建议,当存在报警症状(例如体重下降、贫血、吞咽困难和持续呕吐)时,任何年龄的患者均应进行上消化道 (GI) 内镜检查;然而,现有的指南建议对 60 岁或以上的消化不良患者进行内镜检查,对于存在报警症状的较年轻患者,仅应根据每例病例的情况决定是否进行内镜检查。[30]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN et al. ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(7):988-1013.https://www.nature.com/articles/ajg2017154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com
对于任何有胃肠道癌症家族史、既往有食管-胃恶性肿瘤、淋巴结肿大、腹部包块的患者,应进行 EGD 检查。[30]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN et al. ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(7):988-1013.https://www.nature.com/articles/ajg2017154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com
对于治疗无效的患者需要进行内镜检查除外其他病因。[32]Park WG, Shaheen NJ, Cohen J, et al. Quality indicators for EGD. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81(1):17-30.https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(14)02050-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25480101?tool=bestpractice.com
当前指南建议,对于年龄<60 岁、没有提示上消化道恶性肿瘤的警示症状且未经检查的消化不良患者,应采用无创方法检测幽门螺杆菌,随后进行适当的治疗(“检测和治疗”策略)。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com
尿素呼气试验和粪便抗原检查对检测活动性幽门螺杆菌感染均有很高的敏感性和特异性。这两项检查也可以用于监测治疗效果。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com 质子泵抑制剂(PPI)、铋剂和抗生素可以干扰检查结果。[33]Nurgalieva ZZ, Graham DY. Pearls and pitfalls of assessing Helicobacter pylori status. Dig Liver Dis. 2003;35:375-377.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12868671?tool=bestpractice.com 通常的推荐意见是,在治疗后,PPI 停药 7-14 天,抗生素和铋剂停药至少 28 天后才可以采用尿素呼气试验评估幽门螺杆菌是否已根除。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com
幽门螺杆菌尿素呼气试验对识别活动性感染的敏感性>90%,特异性为 96%。[34]Cutler AF, Havstad S, Ma CK, et al. Accuracy of invasive and noninvasive tests to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:136-141.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7540995?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Midolo P, Marshall BJ. Accurate diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: urease tests. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2000;29:871-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11190071?tool=bestpractice.com
依据幽门螺杆菌粪便抗原检测发现粪便中有幽门螺杆菌抗原,可以诊断为活动性感染。单克隆和多克隆分析均已可用,二者的敏感性和特异性均>90%;单克隆分析的敏感性为 96%,特异性为 97%。[36]Gisbert JP, Pajares JM. Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Helicobacter. 2004;9:347-368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15270750?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Gisbert JP, de la Morena F, Abraira V. Accuracy of monoclonal stool antigen test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1921-1930.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780557?tool=bestpractice.com
黏膜活检标本可用于检测幽门螺杆菌感染(采用组织快速尿素酶试验、直接培养或分子学检查)[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Evans JA, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of premalignant and malignant conditions of the stomach. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82(1):1-8.https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(15)02277-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25935705?tool=bestpractice.comWarthin-Starry 银染对检测幽门螺杆菌的敏感性为 93%,特异性为 99%。[34]Cutler AF, Havstad S, Ma CK, et al. Accuracy of invasive and noninvasive tests to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:136-141.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7540995?tool=bestpractice.com对于内镜检查期间获得的活检组织,可进行幽门螺杆菌快速尿素酶试验。[38]Uotani T, Graham DY. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori using the rapid urease test. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3(1):9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4293486/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25705641?tool=bestpractice.com 对于内镜下有萎缩性胃炎和/或肠上皮化生证据的患者,推荐在胃体而非胃窦取活检,并进行吉姆萨染色或 Warthin-Starry 银染。将组织放在含有尿素、缓冲剂和 pH 敏感指示剂的琼脂凝胶或反应条上。如果存在幽门螺杆菌尿素酶,尿素会被分解为氨和碳酸氢根,通过颜色改变而被识别出来。如果患者没有急性消化道出血,并且没有使用 PPI 或抗生素,那么这个试验的敏感性为 90%,特异性为 100%。[34]Cutler AF, Havstad S, Ma CK, et al. Accuracy of invasive and noninvasive tests to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:136-141.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7540995?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Midolo P, Marshall BJ. Accurate diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: urease tests. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2000;29:871-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11190071?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perna F, Ricci C, Gatta L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a new rapid urease test (Pronto Dry), before and after treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2005;51:247-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280966?tool=bestpractice.com 如果患者存在急性消化道出血或正在服用PPI或抗生素,推荐采用组织学方法确诊。[40]American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2013. Endoscopic mucosal tissue sampling. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013:78:216-224.http://www.asge.org/assets/0/71542/71544/60496655-7a9c-48ba-b88f-759f4abfa9f2.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867371?tool=bestpractice.com 总的来说,在目前正在接受 PPI、铋剂和抗生素治疗的患者中,这些检测可能对确定幽门螺杆菌的根除情况也有价值。[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com