主要危险因素包括幽门螺杆菌感染、[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212-239.https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com使用非甾体类抗炎药,[17]Larkai EN, Smith JL, Lidsky MD, et al. Gastroduodenal mucosa and dyspeptic symptoms in arthritic patients during chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987;82:1153-1158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3499815?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Singh G, Ramey DR, Morfeld D, et al. Gastrointestinal tract complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective observational cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1530-1536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8687261?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Lanza FL. A guideline for the treatment and prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers. Members of the Ad Hoc Committee on Practice Parameters of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:2037-2046.http://www.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/TreatmentofNSAID-Ulcers.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9820370?tool=bestpractice.com 摄入酒精/毒物、[3]Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:717-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com 既往胃部手术、[5]Bondurant FJ, Maull KI, Nelson HS Jr, et al. Bile reflux gastritis. South Med J. 1987;80:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3810208?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Niemala S. Duodenogastric reflux in patients with upper abdominal complaints or gastric ulcer with particular reference to reflux-associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;115:1-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3863229?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Niemala S, Karttunen T, Heikkila J, et al. Characteristics of reflux gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987;22:349-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3589504?tool=bestpractice.com 危重患者[9]Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(suppl 2):S11-S17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905595?tool=bestpractice.com 和自身免疫性疾病。[10]Kekki M, Siurala M, Varis K, et al. Classification principles and genetics of chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987;141:1-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3481655?tool=bestpractice.com