内科和外科治疗
由于大多数胃肠炎病例是自限性的,通常不需要使用抗生素。事实上,抗生素的使用不能显著缩短病程或缓解症状。免疫健全患者的病程及复发风险:高质量证据表明抗生素可能不能显著缩短病程,并增加复发风险和沙门氏菌粪便持续携带状态。[54]Onwuezobe IA, Oshun PO, Odigwe CC. Antimicrobials for treating symptomatic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11):CD001167.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001167.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152205?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Carlstedt G, Dahl P, Niklasson PM, et al. Norfloxacin treatment of salmonellosis does not shorten the carrier stage. Scand J Infect Dis. 1990;22:553-556.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2259863?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Bassily S, Hyams KC, el-Masry NA, et al. Short-course norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment of shigellosis and salmonellosis in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;51:219-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8074256?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Guarino A, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59:132-152.http://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2014/07000/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology,.26.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739189?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Gendrel D, Cohen R; European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, European Society for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations. Arch Pediatr. 2008;15(suppl 2):S93-S96. [in French]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19000862?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。更重要的是,抗生素可能引起不良事件,包括抗生素的副作用,延长沙门氏菌携带时间;增加复发风险。[54]Onwuezobe IA, Oshun PO, Odigwe CC. Antimicrobials for treating symptomatic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11):CD001167.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001167.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152205?tool=bestpractice.com此外,抗生素通常用于培养确诊的沙门氏菌病,因为用于诊断不明的腹泻疾病(如大肠埃希菌O157:H7感染)可能会出现不良后果,如增加溶血性尿毒综合征的风险。
然而,对于病情进展的高危人群、菌血症或其它形式的肠外沙门氏菌病,推荐使用短程的口服抗生素治疗。尽管没有正规的随机对照研究证实,但对高危人群来说使用抗生素的益处要超过害处,特别是有报道称由于抗生素治疗不足导致免疫抑制患者出现复发性的沙门氏菌菌血症。[59]Gordon MA, Banda HT, Gondwe M, et al. Non-typhoidal salmonella bacteraemia among HIV-infected Malawian adults: high mortality and frequent recrudescence. AIDS. 2002;16:1633-1641.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12172085?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Hung CC, Hsieh SM, Hsiao CF, et al. Risk of recurrent non-typhoid Salmonella bacteraemia after early discontinuation of ciprofloxacin as secondary prophylaxis in AIDS patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2001;15:645-647.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11317004?tool=bestpractice.com高风险患者包括:[29]Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:263-269.https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/2/263.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11170916?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Pegues DA, Miller SI. Salmonella species, including Salmonella Typhi. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2010:2887-2903.[61]Gilbert DN, Chambers HF, Eliopoulos GM, et al. The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy, 47th ed. Sperryville, VA: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc.; 2017.
婴儿<3个月(有些提倡为<1岁)
免疫抑制患者
血管畸形的患者,如人工瓣膜或移植物
有人工关节的患者。
高危人群的抗生素使用包括口服的氟喹诺酮、阿奇霉素、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑或阿莫西林。[61]Gilbert DN, Chambers HF, Eliopoulos GM, et al. The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy, 47th ed. Sperryville, VA: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc.; 2017.考虑到阿莫西林、氨苄西林和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率不断上升,氟喹诺酮类如环丙沙星目前是优选药物。[62]Crump JA, Medalla FM, Joyce KW, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica isolates in the United States: National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, 1996 to 2007. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:1148-1154.http://aac.asm.org/content/55/3/1148.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21199924?tool=bestpractice.com值得注意的是氟喹诺酮耐药也有报道,因此当患者对抗生素治疗临床效果不佳时应根据药敏结果更换药物。[63]Nakaya H, Yasuhara A, Yoshimura K, et al. Life-threatening infantile diarrhea from fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica typhimurium with mutations in both gyrA and parC. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:255-257.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604000?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Whichard JM, Gay K, Stevenson JE, et al. Human Salmonella and concurrent decreased susceptibility to quinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1681-1688.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217551?tool=bestpractice.com英国的一项研究表明,出国旅行与感染氟喹诺酮耐药菌株有关。[65]Al-Mashhadani M, Hewson R, Vivancos R, et al. Foreign travel and decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Salmonella enterica infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:123-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204643/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21192872?tool=bestpractice.com尽管在东南亚、美国和其它地区沙门氏菌对此二者的耐药性不断上升,但是头孢曲松和头孢噻肟通常对沙门氏菌非常有效。[64]Whichard JM, Gay K, Stevenson JE, et al. Human Salmonella and concurrent decreased susceptibility to quinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1681-1688.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217551?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Sjölund-Karlsson M, Rickert R, Matar C, et al. Salmonella isolates with decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in the United States. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7:1503-1509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704496?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Wadula J, von Gottberg A, Kilner D, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella isangi in pediatric wards. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:843-844.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940846?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Usha G, Chunderika M, Prashini M, et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Salmonella spp. at a tertiary hospital in Durban, South Africa. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;62:86-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18513912?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Lunguya O, Lejon V, Phoba MF, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in invasive non-typhoid Salmonella from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: emergence of decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta lactamases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597487/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516651?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究(包括体内和体外研究)表明,碳青霉烯类和替加环素可能对非伤寒沙门氏菌有效,但在推荐用于临床实践前,仍需进一步研究。[70]Tang HJ, Ko WC, Chen CC, et al. In vitro and in vivo intracellular killing effects of tigecycline against clinical nontyphoid Salmonella isolates using ceftriaxone as a comparator. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:2755-2759.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101431/pdf/zac2755.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402846?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Tang HJ, Chen CC, Zhang CC, et al. Use of Carbapenems against clinical, nontyphoid Salmonella isolates: results from in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2916-2922.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370812/pdf/zac2916.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22470122?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童的治疗十分复杂,考虑到沙门氏菌菌株耐药性不断增加以及氟喹诺酮类对儿科患者的潜在毒性。一项关于环丙沙星治疗伤寒热的研究显示环丙沙星可能对沙门氏菌感染的治疗是安全的。[72]White NJ, Dung NM, Vinh H, et al. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics in children with multidrug resistant typhoid. Lancet. 1996;348:547.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8757168?tool=bestpractice.com