大多数的人类沙门氏菌病例(>95%)是由于进食被污染食品,特别是鸡蛋、家禽、绞碎牛肉、乳制品、农产品或花生制品。[21]Braden CR. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:512-517.https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/4/512.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16838242?tool=bestpractice.com消费者应该避免进食生或未煮熟鸡蛋。例如,自制色拉调味汁,饮料如蛋酒,提拉米苏也可能含有生鸡蛋;消费者应该询问食物中是否使用生鸡蛋,如有,避免该类食物。所有肉类(特别是家禽和绞碎牛肉)应当煮熟,例如,对家禽来说,加热温度应至少达到74℃(165°F)。[38]Talbot EA, Gagnon ER, Greenblatt J. Common ground for the control of multi-drug resistant Salmonella in ground beef. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1455-1462.https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/10/1455.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619160?tool=bestpractice.com还有,乳制品如牛奶应该在使用前进行巴氏杀菌。因为蔬菜水果也可能被沙门氏菌污染,所以应当在进食前彻底清洗。制作食品的人应该遵循“干净、分开、烹饪、冷冻”的原则以协助沙门氏菌的基本预防。USDA: basics for handling food safely食品行业给予农产品从农场到餐桌的学习机会,以降低食物被沙门氏菌污染的风险。[38]Talbot EA, Gagnon ER, Greenblatt J. Common ground for the control of multi-drug resistant Salmonella in ground beef. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1455-1462.https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/10/1455.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619160?tool=bestpractice.com
除此之外,接触携带沙门氏菌的动物(爬行动物,如蜥蜴,青蛙,乌龟,蛇和龙蜥)可导致人类感染。[39]Woodward DL, Khakhria R, Johnson WM. Human salmonellosis associated with exotic pets. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:2786-2790.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/35/11/2786http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9350734?tool=bestpractice.com因此,人类在接触宠物,尤其是爬行动物后应当洗手。[40]National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2011: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60(RR-04):1-24.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6004a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546893?tool=bestpractice.com假设有动物接触,应给予防止患包括沙门氏菌在内的感染性疾病的指导措施。[40]National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2011: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60(RR-04):1-24.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6004a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546893?tool=bestpractice.com值得注意的是,看上去健康的动物仍有携带沙门氏菌的可能。建议不给宠物喂专用食品之外的其他食物或生食,也可降低其感染或携带沙门氏菌的可能性。[41]Finley R, Reid-Smith R, Weese S. Human health implications of Salmonella-contaminated natural pet treats and raw pet food. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:686-691.https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/5/686.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16447116?tool=bestpractice.com甚至处理宠物食物或治疗也与沙门氏菌感染有关,因此建议喂养宠物后洗手。[42]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Human salmonellosis associated with animal-derived pet treats - United States and Canada, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:702-705.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5525a3.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16810148?tool=bestpractice.com免疫缺陷或处于年龄两极的人群应当特别注意这些预防策略。
没有疫苗可对抗非伤寒沙门氏菌感染。所以迫切需要发展对抗侵袭性非伤寒沙门氏菌血清型(如鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌)的疫苗。[16]Morpeth SC, Ramadhani HO, Crump JA. Invasive non-Typhi Salmonella disease in Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:606-611.https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/4/606.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19591599?tool=bestpractice.com