手术
内侧副韧带损伤极少需要手术进行重建。但慢性内侧副韧带损伤(高松弛度时间≥3 个月)、非手术治疗失败[17]Phisitkul P, James SL, Wolf BR, et al. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006;26:77-90.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1888587http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16789454?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Rue JPH, Lewis PB, Detterline AJ, et al. Minimally invasive medial collateral ligament reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft. Tech Knee Surg. 2007;6:266-273.[29]Azar FM. Evaluation and treatment of chronic medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006;14:84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135952?tool=bestpractice.com
以及一些膝关节多韧带损伤除外。[3]Slocum DB, Larson RL, James SL. Late reconstruction procedures used to stabilize the knee. Orthop Clin North Am. 1973;4:679-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4593504?tool=bestpractice.com此外,胫骨侧 III 级内侧副韧带损伤即使在接受保守处理之后,也更容易出现持续松弛。此类患者日常生活活动频繁发生外翻不稳定。[28]Rue JPH, Lewis PB, Detterline AJ, et al. Minimally invasive medial collateral ligament reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft. Tech Knee Surg. 2007;6:266-273.
有时需手术治疗单纯性 III 级内侧副韧带损伤。[30]Mook WR, Miller MD, Diduch DR, et al. Multiple-ligament knee injuries: a systematic review of the timing of operative intervention and postoperative rehabilitation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:2946-2957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19952260?tool=bestpractice.com如果急性 III 级内侧副韧带损伤并发大骨块撕脱、胫骨平台骨折、韧带末端关节卡压或前内侧不稳定(前抽屉试验阳性),则可能需要手术干预。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 前抽屉试验由医学博士 Sanjeev Bhatia 提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].若已安排手术,则通常在损伤后 7-10 天进行手术修复。[16]Jacobson KE, Chi FS. Evaluation and treatment of medial collateral ligament and medial-sided injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006;14:58-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135948?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Phisitkul P, James SL, Wolf BR, et al. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006;26:77-90.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1888587http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16789454?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Azar FM. Evaluation and treatment of chronic medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006;14:84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135952?tool=bestpractice.com即使重建成功,许多患者膝关节的轻度不稳定仍持续存在。特定的并发症不常见,但包括关节活动度降低(若内侧副韧带移植物放至非解剖学位置)和隐神经损伤。
在膝关节多韧带损伤中,通常需要内侧副韧带重建,因为其他多条韧带功能缺失可能影响愈合过程[31]Woo SL, Young EP, Ohland KJ, et al. The effects of transaction of the anterior cruciate ligament on healing of the medial collateral ligament: a biomechanical study of the knee in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:382-392.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2312534?tool=bestpractice.com且可能导致慢性内侧副韧带损伤。[28]Rue JPH, Lewis PB, Detterline AJ, et al. Minimally invasive medial collateral ligament reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft. Tech Knee Surg. 2007;6:266-273.
内侧副韧带和前交叉韧带合并损伤时,通常推荐康复一段时间后进行前交叉韧带重建,以帮助内侧副韧带恢复。[32]Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, et al. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1266-1280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439679?tool=bestpractice.com获得全关节活动度、合适的强度,且膝关节渗出问题解决后,才能进行手术[6]Warren RF, Marshall JL. Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A long-term follow-up of 86 cases - part II. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:198-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/729286?tool=bestpractice.com。
[17]Phisitkul P, James SL, Wolf BR, et al. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006;26:77-90.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1888587http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16789454?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Halinen J, Lindahl J, Hirvensalo E, et al. Operative and nonoperative treatments of medial collateral ligament rupture with early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1134-1140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452264?tool=bestpractice.com手术通常在损伤后 4-6 周进行,届时可以通过髌腱移植或腘绳肌肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带。自体肌腱移植或同种异体肌腱移植结果极佳。
若前交叉韧带重建后外翻不稳定性仍持续,建议患者进行手术重建内侧副韧带。[34]Marchant MH Jr, Tibor LM, Sekiya JK, et al. Management of medial-sided knee injuries, part 1: medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:1102-1113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148144?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Grant JA, Tannenbaum E, Miller BS, et al. Treatment of combined complete tears of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 2012;28:110-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119290?tool=bestpractice.com如果发生大骨块撕脱、胫骨平台骨折、韧带末端关节卡压或前内侧不稳定(前抽屉试验阳性),则可能也需要安排内侧副韧带重建。
合并内侧副韧带和非前韧带损伤时,通常在损伤后 7-10 天修复内侧副韧带。通常损伤 3 周内即可安排手术重建或修复其他受损韧带(后交叉韧带、半月板、外侧副韧带)。相较于非手术处理或延迟手术,早期手术治疗有助于改善多韧带损伤性关节的功能结果和临床转归。[36]Levy BA, Dajani KA, Whelan DB, et al. Decision making in the multiligament-injured knee: an evidence-based systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:430-438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19341932?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Peskun CJ, Whelan DB. Outcomes of operative and nonoperative treatment of multiligament knee injuries: an evidence-based review. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2011;19:167-173.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540715?tool=bestpractice.com一项meta 分析发现,考虑主观评分和关节活动度,分阶段重建结果最好。[30]Mook WR, Miller MD, Diduch DR, et al. Multiple-ligament knee injuries: a systematic review of the timing of operative intervention and postoperative rehabilitation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:2946-2957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19952260?tool=bestpractice.com膝关节后外侧角重建更适用于修复,因为此法可降低手术翻修率。[36]Levy BA, Dajani KA, Whelan DB, et al. Decision making in the multiligament-injured knee: an evidence-based systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:430-438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19341932?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性内侧副韧带损伤和膝关节多韧带损伤都应转诊至骨科专家处诊疗。高强度运动员和工人的单纯性 III 级内侧副韧带损伤也应转诊进行会诊。