非诺多泮
研究表明,应用非诺多泮(一种快速起效的静脉用 D1 受体激动剂)可以减少 AKI 患者[97]Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Tumlin JA, et al. Beneficial impact of fenoldopam in critically ill patients with or at risk for acute renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49:56-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185146?tool=bestpractice.com 和接受心血管手术的患者对肾脏替代治疗的需求,并降低死亡率。[98]Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Marino G, et al. Fenoldopam reduces the need for renal replacement therapy and in-hospital death in cardiovascular surgery: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;22:27-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18249327?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析显示 AKI 发生率有所降低,但对肾脏替代治疗 (RRT) 和死亡率没有影响。[99]Zangrillo A, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Frati E, et al. Fenoldopam and acute renal failure in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26:407-413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459931?tool=bestpractice.com 最后,一项纳入近 700 名 AKI 患者的随机研究表明,就肾功能恢复的结局、透析需求或死亡率而言,它没有益处。[100]Bove T, Zangrillo A, Guarracino F, et al. Effect of fenoldopam on use of renal replacement therapy among patients with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:2244-2253.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1910563http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265449?tool=bestpractice.com 基于总体证据,并不建议将非诺多泮用作 AKI 的预防药物或治疗。
其他新型治疗药物
其他新型治疗药物包括心房利钠肽、茶碱、胰岛素样生长因子、表皮生长因子、氧自由基清除剂、黏附分子抗体和前列腺素。没有一种药物被证明对治疗人类 AKI 有益。[17]Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. Lancet. 2005;365:417-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680458?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,有 2 项研究显示使用环前列腺素类似物和腺苷 A1 受体阻断剂对挽救心肌有一定疗效。[101]Spargias K, Adreanides E, Demerouti E, et al. Iloprost prevents contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. Circulation. 2009;120:1793-1799.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/120/18/1793http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19841299?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Cotter G, Dittrich HC, Weatherley BD, et al. The PROTECT pilot study: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist rolofylline in patients with acute heart failure and renal impairment. J Card Fail. 2008;14:631-640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18926433?tool=bestpractice.com 仍需要进一步的研究来确定这些药物是否在临床上具有有效性。关于在干预前使用或长期使用他汀类药物是否具有保护作用,仍然存在争议,[103]Pappy R, Stavrakis S, Hennebry TA, et al. Effect of statin therapy on contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2011;151:348-353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636154?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Zhang T, Shen LH, Hu LH, et al. Statins for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol. 2011;33:344-351.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/326269http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430372?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Zhang BC, Li WM, Xu YW. High-dose statin pretreatment for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2011;27:851-858.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944277?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Do statins help prevent acute kidney injury after surgical procedures requiring cardiac bypass?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.824/full显示答案 但目前的结果似乎令人失望。[106]Giacoppo D, Capodanno D, Capranzano P, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of preprocedural statin administration for reducing contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary catheterization. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114:541-548.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25001154?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Gandhi S, Mosleh W, Abdel-Qadir H, et al. Statins and contrast-induced acute kidney injury with coronary angiography. Am J Med. 2014;127:987-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24852935?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Hovingh GK, et al. Statin and the risk of renal-related serious adverse events: Analysis from the IDEAL, TNT, CARDS, ASPEN, SPARCL, and other placebo-controlled trials. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:2018-2020.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793673?tool=bestpractice.com 其他可能有益的治疗包括:控制低温、缺血性预处理、重组碱性磷酸酶输注。[109]Susantitaphong P, Alfayez M, Cohen-Bucay A, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia and prevention of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2012;83:159-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273643/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983123?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Er F, Nia AM, Dopp H, et al. Ischemic preconditioning for prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: randomized pilot RenPro Trial (Renal Protection Trial). Circulation. 2012;126:296-303.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/3/296.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735306?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Pickkers P, Heemskerk S, Schouten J, et al. Alkaline phosphatase for treatment of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care. 2012;16:R14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3396250/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22269279?tool=bestpractice.com 已经尝试使用重组红细胞生成素和甲状腺激素来最大程度减轻急性肾损伤。然而,研究显示红细胞生成素没有肾脏保护作用,[112]Kim JE, Song SW, Kim JY, et al. Effect of a single bolus of erythropoietin on renoprotection in patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101:690-696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26576750?tool=bestpractice.com 对于已确诊 AKI 的患者,相比其他治疗,使用甲状腺激素治疗的结局似乎更差;其预防 AKI 的作用并未被充分证实。[113]Nigwekar SU, Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD. Thyroid hormones for acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD006740.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006740.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440810?tool=bestpractice.com 远期缺血性预处理似乎有望能够预防 AKI,但两项系统评价(包括超过 28 项 RCT)对该治疗的价值提出了质疑。[114]Yang Y, Lang XB, Zhang P, et al. Remote ischemic preconditioning for prevention of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:574-583.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954246?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Menting TP, Wever KE, Ozdemir-van Brunschot DMD, et al. Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2007;(3):CD010777http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010777.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258686?tool=bestpractice.com