关于 AKI 发病率的报道不一,存在诊断、定义标准以及出院编码不同等混杂因素。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hospitalization discharge diagnoses for kidney disease: United States, 1980-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;5:309-312.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368005?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:1292-1298.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/18/4/1292.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314324?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,就 1980 年到 2005 年出院诊断为肾脏疾病的情况来看,因肾脏疾病的住院率增加,尤其是在年龄大于 65 岁的老年人中,主要是因为急性肾脏疾病诊断引起的住院率增加。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hospitalization discharge diagnoses for kidney disease: United States, 1980-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;5:309-312.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368005?tool=bestpractice.com 英国的年发病率范围为 172-630/百万人口,具体数值取决于特定的研究。[8]UK Renal Association. Clinical practice guidelines: acute kidney injury. March 2011. http://www.renal.org (last accessed 11 May 2017).https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/328075 住院患者中的总发病率范围为 13%-22%。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. August 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 11 May 2017).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG169[9]Wang HE, Muntner P, Chertow GM, et al. Acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients. Am J Nephrol. 2012;35:349-355.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362180/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473149?tool=bestpractice.com ICU 中 AKI 的总发病率更高,为 20%-50%,并且相关死亡率超过 50%。[10]Case J, Khan S, Khalid R, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:479730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3618922/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573420?tool=bestpractice.com 已制定针对 AKI 临床结局的预测评分,但成功率不一。[11]Ohnuma T, Uchino S, Toki N, et al. External validation for acute kidney injury severity scores: a multicenter retrospective study in 14 Japanese ICUs. Am J Nephrol. 2015;42:57-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26337793?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Poukkanen M, Vaara ST, Reinikainen M, et al. Predicting one-year mortality of critically ill patients with early acute kidney injury: data from the prospective multicenter FINNAKI study. Crit Care. 2015;19:125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4407305/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887685?tool=bestpractice.com
急性肾小管坏死 (acute tubular necrosis, ATN) 为 45%-70% AKI 患者的病因。在 ICU 患者中,35%-50% 的急性肾小管坏死由脓毒症导致。在其他病因中,肾前性氮质血症、梗阻、肾小球肾炎、血管炎、急性间质性肾炎、慢性肾脏疾病急性恶化和动脉粥样硬化性损伤占大部分。[13]Mehta R, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1613-1621.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15458458?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Liano F, Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int. 1996;50:811-818.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872955?tool=bestpractice.com
造影剂肾病的发病率不一,据报道,是 AKI 住院患者第三常见的病因。在一项关于 7500 例因冠状动脉病变 (coronary artery disease, CAD) 行经皮介入手术患者的研究显示,在所有患者中,有 3.3% 的患者发生 AKI(AKI 被定义为血肌酐增高≥38 μmol/L (0.5mg/dL),其中 25% 基线肌酐≥153 μmol/L (2.0 mg/dL) 的患者发生了 AKI。[15]Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, et al. Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2002;105:2259-2264.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/105/19/2259.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12010907?tool=bestpractice.com
高达 7% 的 AKI 住院患者需要接受肾脏替代治疗 (renal replacement therapy, RRT)。[16]Liangos O, Wald R, O'Bell JW, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:43-51.http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/1/1/43.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699189?tool=bestpractice.com 在 ICU 中,多器官功能衰竭患者的病死率超过 50%。[16]Liangos O, Wald R, O'Bell JW, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:43-51.http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/1/1/43.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699189?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Mehta R, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1613-1621.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15458458?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Liano F, Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int. 1996;50:811-818.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872955?tool=bestpractice.com 肌酐轻微增高 (≥26.5 μmol/L [0.3 mg/dL]) 与住院患者的死亡风险增加、慢性肾脏病的风险增加相关,并且与进展至终末期肾衰竭的几率增加相关。