心动过缓

Mangrum JM, DiMarco JP. The evaluation and management of bradycardia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:703-709.

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Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:e1-e62.

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Grubb BP. Clinical practice: neurocardiac syncope. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1004-1010.

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1.  Spodick DH, Raju P, Bishop RL, et al. Operational definition of normal sinus heart rate. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:1245-1246.

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2.  Spodick DH. Normal sinus heart rate: sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia redefined. Am Heart J. 1992;124:1119-1121.

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3.  Mangrum JM, DiMarco JP. The evaluation and management of bradycardia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:703-709.

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4.  Tresch DD, Fleg JL. Unexplained sinus bradycardia: clinical significance and long term prognosis in apparently healthy persons older than 40 years. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58:1009-1113.

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5.  Hilgard J, Ezri MD, Denes P. Significance of ventricular pauses of three seconds or more detected on twenty-four hour Holter recordings. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55:1005.

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6.  Wu DL, Yeh SJ, Lin FC, et al. Sinus automaticity and sinoatrial conduction in severe symptomatic sick sinus syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:355-364.

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7.  Kaplan BM, Langendorf R, Lev M, et al. Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (so-called "sick sinus syndrome"). Pathology, mechanisms and treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1973;31:497-508.

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8.  Wiens R, Lafia P, Marder CM, et al. Chronotropic incompetence in clinical exercise testing. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:74-78.

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9.  Brignole M. Sick sinus syndrome. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002;18:211-227.

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10.  Narula OS, Samet P. Significance of first degree A-V block. Circulation. 1971;43:772-774.

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11.  Narula OS, Runge M, Samet P. Second-degree Wenckebach type AV block due to block within the atrium. Br Heart J. 1972;34:1127-1136.

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12.  Goodfriend MA, Barold SS. Tachycardia-dependent and bradycardia-dependent Mobitz type II atrioventricular block within the bundle of His. Am J Cardiol. 1974;33:908-913.

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13.  Lev M. The pathology of complete atrioventricular block. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1964;41:317-326.

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14.  Narula OS, Narula JT. Junctional pacemakers in man: response to overdrive suppression with and without parasympathetic blockade. Circulation. 1978;57:880-889.

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15.  Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Survey of cardiac pacing in the United States in 1989. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:331-338.

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16.  Mangoni ME, Nargeot JL. Genesis and regulation of the heart automaticity. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:919-982.

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17.  Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A, et al. Drug-induced atrioventricular block: prognosis after discontinuation of the culprit drug. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:105-108.

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18.  Jones SA. Ageing to arrhythmias: conundrums of connections in the ageing heart. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006;58:1571-1576.

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19.  Kaszala K, Kalahasty G, Ellenbogen KA. Cardiac pacing in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2006;15:77-81.

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20.  Jones SA, Boyett MR, Lancaster MK. Declining into failure: the age-dependent loss of the L-type calcium channel within the sinoatrial node. Circulation. 2007;115:1183-1190.

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21.  Aplin M, Engstrom T, Vejlstrup NG, et al. Prognostic importance of complete atrioventricular block complicating acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:853-856.

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22.  Mullins CB, Atkins JM. Prognoses and management of ventricular conduction block in acute myocardial infarction. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1976;45:129-133.

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23.  Meine T, Al-Khatib S, Alexander J, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of high-degree atrioventricular block complicating acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy. Am Heart J. 2005;149:670-674.

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24.  Eraut D, Shaw DB. Sinus bradycardia. Br Heart J. 1971;33:742-749.

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25.  Tilkian AG, Guilleminault C, Schroeder JS, et al. Sleep-induced apnea syndrome: prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and their reversal after tracheostomy. Am J Med. 1977;63:348-358.

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26.  Abbott JA, Hirschfeld DS, Kunkel FW, et al. Graded exercise testing in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Am J Med. 1977;62:330-338.

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27.  Benditt DG, Ermis C, Lu F. Head-up tilt table testing. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004:812-822.

28.  Morillo CA, Camacho ME, Wood MA, et al. Diagnostic utility of mechanical, pharmacological and orthostatic stimulation of the carotid sinus in patients with unexplained syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1587-1594.

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29.  Brignole M, Sutton R, Menozzi C, et al. Early application of an implantable loop recorder allows effective specific therapy in patients with recurrent suspected neurally mediated syncope. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1085-1092.

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30.  Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. The high cost of syncope: cost implications of a new insertable loop recorder in the investigation of recurrent syncope. Am Heart J. 1999;137:870-877.

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31.  Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rosenqvist M. Pharmacological stress testing of the His-Purkinje system in patients with bifascicular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21:1979-1987.

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32.  Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Suavé MJ, et al. Value of the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50:1316-1322.

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33.  Menozzi C, Brignole M, Garcia-Civera R, et al. Mechanism of syncope in patients with heart disease and negative electrophysiologic test. Circulation. 2002;105:2741-2745.

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34.  Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al. Mechanism of syncope in patients with bundle branch block and negative electrophysiological test. Circulation. 2001;104:2045-2050.

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35.  Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:e1-e62.

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36.  Kaushik V, Leon AR, Forrester JS Jr, et al. Bradyarrhythmias, temporary and permanent pacing. Crit Care Med 2000;28(suppl 10):N121-N128.

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37.  Gammage MD. Temporary cardiac pacing. Heart. 2000;83:715-720.

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38.  Benditt DG, Benson DW Jr, Kreitt J, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of theophylline in young patients with recurrent symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52:1223-1229.

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39.  Sra JS, Jazayeri MR, Avitall B, et al. Comparison of cardiac pacing with drug therapy in the treatment of neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) syncope with bradycardia or asystole. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1085-1090.

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40.  Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003;107:2932-2937.

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41.  Gillis AM, Russo AM, Ellenbogen KA, et al. HRS/ACCF expert consensus statement on pacemaker device and mode selection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:682-703.

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42.  Edwards SJ, Karner C, Trevor N, et al. Dual-chamber pacemakers for treating symptomatic bradycardia due to sick sinus syndrome without atrioventricular block: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19:1-210.

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43.  Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, et al. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA. 2002;288:3115-3123.

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44.  Sweeney MO, Bank AJ, Nsah E, et al. Minimizing ventricular pacing to reduce atrial fibrillation in sinus-node disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1000-1008.

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45.  Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Adamson PB, et al. Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1585-1593.

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46.  Grubb BP. Neurocardiogenic syncope and related disorders of orthostatic intolerance. Circulation. 2005;111:2997-3006.

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47.  Grubb BP. Clinical practice: neurocardiac syncope. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1004-1010.

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48.  Theodorakis GN, Leftheriotis D, Livanis EG, et al. Fluoxetine vs. propranolol in the treatment of vasovagal syncope: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Europace. 2006;8:193-198.

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49.  Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, et al: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2631-2671.

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50.  Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al. Pacemaker therapy in patients with neurally mediated syncope and documented asystole: Third International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE-3): a randomized trial. Circulation. 2012;125:2566-2571.

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