骨是一种活跃的组织,会不断重建,以适应机械应力和激素的改变。[10]Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and
implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:115-137.http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/21/2/115.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782361?tool=bestpractice.com骨重建的过程从骨吸收开始,而骨吸收是骨表面从静止状态转换为吸收状态。[10]Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and
implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:115-137.http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/21/2/115.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782361?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Manolagas SC. Cell number versus cell vigor: what really matters to a regenerating skeleton? Endocrinology. 1999;140:4377-4381.http://endo.endojournals.org/content/140/10/4377.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10499488?tool=bestpractice.com骨细胞通过在骨表面将信号传递至破骨细胞和成骨细胞,因而对骨重建的起始发挥了主要作用。[12]Turner CH, Robling AG, Duncan RL, et al. Do bone cells behave like a neuronal network? Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;70:435-442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149636?tool=bestpractice.com破骨细胞重吸收骨基质时会首先出现吸收陷窝,再通过细胞凋亡使其丧失功能,继而向成骨细胞发送偶联信号。[13]Suda T, Takahashi N, Martin TJ. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation. Endocr Rev. 1992;13:66-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1555533?tool=bestpractice.com接下来,成骨细胞通过矿化合成骨基质,松质骨组织形态学指标研究表明,与尿钙正常的男性相比,特发性骨质疏松症并伴发高尿钙症的男性的成骨细胞和矿化表面显著较少。[14]Zerwekh JE, Sakhaee K, Breslau NA, et al. Impaired bone formation in male idiopathic osteoporosis: further reduction in the presence of concomitant hypercalciuria. Osteoporos Int. 1992:2;128-138.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1627899?tool=bestpractice.com流行病学研究显示:骨质疏松性骨折在肾结石患者中更常见,虽然其病生理机制并不清楚,但高尿钙症和低枸橼酸尿是结石形成的重要危险因素。[15]Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Kumar R, et al. Nephrolithiasis-associated bone disease: pathogenesis and treatment options. Kidney Int. 2011;79:393-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088506/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124301?tool=bestpractice.com
骨重建由多种细胞因子调节,包括白介素1、6和11、集落刺激因子和趋钙激素(如PTH、1,25二羟基维生素D,降钙素和雌激素)。[10]Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and
implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:115-137.http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/21/2/115.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782361?tool=bestpractice.com有研究表明,TNF和TNF受体超家族成员、核因子kB受体活化因子(RANK)/RANK配体(RANKL)和骨保护素(OPG),在绝经后骨质疏松的破骨细胞吸收中都发挥了至关重要的作用。[16]Kostenuik PJ. Osteoprotegerin and RANKL regulate bone resorption, density, geometry and strength. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5:618-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16188502?tool=bestpractice.comRANKL由成骨细胞表达,与破骨细胞上的RANK受体相互作用,RANK对破骨细胞前体的刺激促进破骨细胞的形成、功能和分化。[16]Kostenuik PJ. Osteoprotegerin and RANKL regulate bone resorption, density, geometry and strength. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5:618-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16188502?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423:337-342.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748652?tool=bestpractice.com骨保护素由成骨细胞分泌,可自然抑制RANKL诱导的RANK活化。
雌激素缺乏的绝经后女性,RANKL的过度表达使OPG的自然抑制活动。[17]Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423:337-342.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748652?tool=bestpractice.com骨质疏松症是一种复杂的疾病,特征是骨重建过程中失衡,这个过程受多种激素因子、细胞因子和新的调节系统RANK/RANKL/OPG的相互作用支配。骨重建失衡导致骨密度和骨质量低,最终引起骨折。