骨质疏松症

Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Kumar R, et al. Nephrolithiasis-associated bone disease: pathogenesis and treatment options. Kidney Int. 2011;79:393-403.

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Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:2359-2381.

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U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89:896C-896E.

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Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, et al. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d2040.

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Crandall CJ, Newberry SJ, Diamant A, et al. Comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments to prevent fractures: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:711-723.

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Greenspan SL, Perera S, Ferchak MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of single-dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:913-921.

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Levis S, Theodore G. Summary of AHRQ's comparative effectiveness review of treatment to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis: update of the 2007 report. J Manag Care Pharm. 2012;18(4 Suppl B):S1-S15.

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Boonen S, Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, et al. Fracture risk and zoledronic acid therapy in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2012:367;1714-1723.

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1.  Consensus development conference: Diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1993;94:646-650.

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2.  NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285:785-795.

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3.  WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: report of a WHO scientific group. (WHO technical report series: 921.) Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2000.

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4.  Harvey N, Dennison E, Cooper C. Osteoporosis: impact on health and economics. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6:99-105.

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5.  US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the Surgeon General. October 2004. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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6.  O'Neill S, MacLennan A, Bass S, et al. Guidelines for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis for GPs. Aust Fam Physician. 2004;33:910-919.

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7.  Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of osteoporosis and the prevention of fragility fractures: a national clinical guideline. March 2015. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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8.  Poole KE, Compston JE. Osteoporosis and its management. BMJ. 2006;333:1251-1256.

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9.  Khosla S. Update in male osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3-10.

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10.  Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:115-137.

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11.  Manolagas SC. Cell number versus cell vigor: what really matters to a regenerating skeleton? Endocrinology. 1999;140:4377-4381.

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12.  Turner CH, Robling AG, Duncan RL, et al. Do bone cells behave like a neuronal network? Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;70:435-442.

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13.  Suda T, Takahashi N, Martin TJ. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation. Endocr Rev. 1992;13:66-80.

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14.  Zerwekh JE, Sakhaee K, Breslau NA, et al. Impaired bone formation in male idiopathic osteoporosis: further reduction in the presence of concomitant hypercalciuria. Osteoporos Int. 1992:2;128-138.

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15.  Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Kumar R, et al. Nephrolithiasis-associated bone disease: pathogenesis and treatment options. Kidney Int. 2011;79:393-403.

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16.  Kostenuik PJ. Osteoprotegerin and RANKL regulate bone resorption, density, geometry and strength. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5:618-625.

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17.  Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423:337-342.

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18.  Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet. 1996;348:1535-1541.

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19.  Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2077-2082.

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20.  Dennison E, Eastell R, Fall CH, et al. Determinants of bone loss in elderly men and women: a prospective study. Osteoporosis Int. 1999;10:384-391.

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21.  Burger H, de Laet CE, van Daele PL, et al. Risk factors for increased bone loss in an elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiology. 1998;147:871-879.

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22.  Law MR, Hackshaw AK. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ. 1997;315:841-846.

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23.  Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:669-683.

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24.  Mazziotti G, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006;17:144-149.

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25.  Lakatos P. Thyroid hormones: beneficial or deleterious for bone? Calcif Tissue Int. 2003;73:205-209.

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26.  Casele HL. The use of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006;49:895-905.

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27.  Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD. Anti-epileptic medication and bone health. Osteoporosis Int. 2006;18:129-142.

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28.  Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Calcium/vitamin D supplemental trial: selected findings. February 2006. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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29.  Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:2359-2381.

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30.  Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1641-1647.

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31.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and strontium ranelate for the primary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. January 2011. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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32.  Kaufman JM, Audran M, Bianchi G, et al. Efficacy and safety of strontium ranelate in the treatment of osteoporosis in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:592-601.

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33.  European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends that Protelos/Osseor remain available but with further restrictions. February 2014. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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34.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene, strontium ranelate and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. January 2011. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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35.  Adams J, Bishop N. DXA in adults and children. In: Rosen CJ, Compston JE, Lian JB, et al, eds. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2008:152-158.

36.  Grados F, Fechtenbaum J, Flipon E, et al. Radiographic methods for evaluating osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Joint Bone Spine. 2009;76:241-247.

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37.  Allende-Vigo MZ. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. P R Health Sci J. 2007;26:91-95.

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38.  Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:391-420.

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39.  Prescrire International. Osteodensitometry in healthy postmenopausal women. Prescrire Int. 2008;17:68-72.

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40.  Cummings SR, Cawthon PM, Ensrud KE, et al. BMD and risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older men: a prospective study and comparison with older women. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1550-1556.

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41.  Moe S, Drüeke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2006;69:1945-1953.

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42.  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:356-364.

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43.  Lim LS, Hoeksema LJ, Sherin K, et al. Screening for osteoporosis in the adult U.S. population: ACPM position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36:366-375.

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44.  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89:896C-896E.

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45.  Bolland MJ, Leung W, Tai V, et al. Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ. 2015;351:h4580.

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46.  Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3691.

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47.  Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, et al. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d2040.

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48.  Lewis JR, Calver J, Zhu K, et al. Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26:35-41.

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49.  Jamal SA, Moe SM. Calcium builds strong bones, and more is better - correct? Well, maybe not. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1877-1883.

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50.  Tinetti ME, Baker DI, McAvay G, et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:821-827.

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51.  Russell RG, Watts NB, Ebetino FH, et al. Mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates: similarities and differences and their potential influence on clinical efficacy. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:733-759.

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52.  Bilezikian JP. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2009;122(2 Suppl):S14-S21.

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53.  Chesnut CH 3rd, Skag A, Christiansen C, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1241-1249.

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54.  Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Summary minutes of the joint meeting of the Advisory Committee for Reproductive Health Drugs and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee. September 2011. http://www.fda.gov (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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55.  Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296:2927-2938.

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56.  Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The estrogen-alone study: selected findings. June 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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57.  Chesnut CH 3rd, Silverman S, Andriano K, et al; PROOF Study Group. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures study. Am J Med. 2000;109:267-276.

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58.  European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends limiting long-term use of calcitonin medicines. July 2012. http://www.ema.europa.eu (last accessed 27 September 2016).

59.  U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Questions and answers: changes to the indicated population for Miacalcin (calcitonin-salmon). March 2014. http://www.fda.gov (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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60.  Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434-1441.

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61.  Tosteson AN, Melton LJ 3rd, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:437-447.

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62.  Crandall CJ, Newberry SJ, Diamant A, et al. Comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments to prevent fractures: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:711-723.

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63.  Bianchi G, Sambrook P. Oral nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials and vertebral fractures. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:2669-2677.

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64.  Black DM, Reid IR, Cauley JA, et al. The effect of 6 versus 9 years of zoledronic acid treatment in osteoporosis: a randomized second extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30:934-944.

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65.  Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1809-1822.

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66.  Nancollas GH, Tang R, Phipps RJ, et al. Novel insights into actions of bisphosphonates on bone: differences in interactions with hydroxyapatite. Bone. 2006;38:617-627.

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67.  MacLean C, Newberry S, Maglione M, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:197-213.

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68.  Sharma A, Einstein AJ, Vallakati A, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation with use of oral and intravenous bisphosphonates. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:1815-1821.

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69.  Abrahamsen B. Adverse effects of bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010;86:421-435.

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70.  Lee S, Yin RV, Hirpara H, et al. Increased risk for atypical fractures associated with bisphosphonate use. Fam Pract. 2015;32:276-281.

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71.  Pazianas M, Compston J, Huang CL. Atrial fibrillation and bisphosphonate therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:2-10.

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72.  Adami S, Felsenberg D, Christiansen C, et al. Efficacy and safety of ibandronate given by intravenous injection once every 3 months. Bone. 2004;34:881-889.

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73.  Stakkestad JA, Benevolenskaya LI, Stepan JJ, et al; Ibandronate Intravenous Study Group. Intravenous ibandronate injections given every three months: a new treatment option to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:969-975.

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74.  Greenspan SL, Perera S, Ferchak MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of single-dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:913-921.

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75.  Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7 suppl 1):s1-s66.

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76.  Papapoulos S, Lippuner K, Roux C, et al. The effect of 8 or 5 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM Extension study. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26:2773-2783.

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77.  Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al; FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:756-765.

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78.  Levis S, Theodore G. Summary of AHRQ's comparative effectiveness review of treatment to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis: update of the 2007 report. J Manag Care Pharm. 2012;18(4 Suppl B):S1-S15.

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79.  Boonen S, Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, et al. Fracture risk and zoledronic acid therapy in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2012:367;1714-1723.

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80.  Committee on Assessing the Need for Clinical Trials of Testosterone Replacement Therapy. 2004 executive summary. In: Liverman CT, Blazer DJ, eds. Testosterone and aging: clinical research directions. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press; 1-10.

81.  Khosla S, Amin S, Orwoll E. Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:441-464.

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82.  European Medicines Agency. Summary of opinion (post authorisation): Prolia - denosumab. April 2014. http://www.ema.europa.eu (last accessed 27 September 2016).

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83.  van Brussel MS, Bultink IE, Lems WF. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10:997-1005.

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84.  Devogelaer JP, Adler RA, Recknor C, et al. Baseline glucocorticoid dose and bone mineral density response with teriparatide or alendronate therapy in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:141-148.

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85.  Wysowski DK, Chang JT. Alendronate and risedronate: reports of severe bone, joint and muscle pain. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:346-347.

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86.  Khan AA, Sándor GK, Dore E, et al. Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:478-490.

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87.  Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:753-761.

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88.  Cappuzzo KA, Delafuente JC. Teriparatide for osteoporosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:294-302.

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89.  Pinkerton JV, Thomas S, Dalkin AC. Osteoporosis treatment and prevention for postmenopausal women: current and future therapeutic options. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56:711-721.

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