初级预防以达到足够的峰值骨量为初始目标。此后,初级预防取决于最大限度地减少骨量丢失和维持骨骼微结构,如骨小梁和皮质厚度。[3]WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: report of a WHO scientific group. (WHO technical report series: 921.) Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2000.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_921.pdf
饮食补充钙和维生素D是预防骨质疏松症和降低骨折发生率的一种预防措施。然而,妇女健康倡议(WHI)开展的试验并未证明该方法有抗骨折作用。[28]Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Calcium/vitamin D supplemental trial: selected findings. February 2006. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/cal_vd.htm但是,欧洲疗养院居民研究使用了该方法,且国家骨质疏松症基金会支持将该方法用于降低50岁及以上人群的骨折发病率。[29]Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:2359-2381.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176573/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182228?tool=bestpractice.com
雷洛昔芬可用于帮助BMD的T值为-2.5至-2.0的骨质减少的女性一级预防骨质疏松。[30]Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1641-1647.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199712043372301http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9385122?tool=bestpractice.com雷洛昔芬用于特定女性患者时,必须权衡出现静脉血栓及卒中的风险,以及出现椎骨骨折和雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌风险降低这一潜在获益。
对绝经后妇女来说,阿仑膦酸、利塞膦酸、依替膦酸钠和雷尼酸锶可作为骨质疏松性脆性骨折的一级预防药物。[31]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and strontium ranelate for the primary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. January 2011. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta161雷尼酸锶对骨矿物质密度的效果在男性和女性骨质疏松患者中相似。[32]Kaufman JM, Audran M, Bianchi G, et al. Efficacy and safety of strontium ranelate in the treatment of osteoporosis in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:592-601.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23341486?tool=bestpractice.com2013年,欧洲药品管理局(EMA)进行的数据评估显示雷尼酸锶可导致患严重心脏病的风险升高,随后建议限制使用该药。因此,EMA建议,雷尼酸锶只用于治疗骨折高风险的绝经后女性的重度骨质疏松症,以及骨折风险增加的男性的重度骨质疏松症。有心脏和循环系统问题的患者应谨慎使用。European Medicines Agency: recommendation to restrict the use of Protelos/Osseor (strontium ranelate)2014年,欧洲药品管理局对此进行了更新,进一步限制该药在上述患者中的使用,这些患者来说,没有治疗骨质疏松症的其它可用药物(即由于存在禁忌症或不耐受)。[33]European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends that Protelos/Osseor remain available but with further restrictions. February 2014. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ (last accessed 27 September 2016).http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Protelos_and_Osseor/human_referral_prac_000025.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c516f
由于长期接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者中有30%-50%发生骨折,因此有必要对这类人群进行预防。皮质类固醇诱发骨质疏松症是一种复杂的病症,包括骨吸收增加和骨形成减少。双膦酸盐类阿仑膦酸和利塞膦酸能有效减少该人群中骨折的发生。所有连续3个月以上接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者、所有每天使用泼尼松>5mg的患者、及有既往骨折史的患者,都应考虑使用该两种药物治疗。另外,患者应补充充足的钙和维生素D,以改善肠道钙吸收。