胃酸缺乏,是指产酸的壁细胞的丧失而无法产生胃酸,被认为是一种癌前病变,因为它与肠上皮化生相关,在少数病例中,肠上皮化生可能进展为发育不良和腺癌。[24]Busuttil RA, Boussioutas A. Intestinal metaplasia: a premalignant lesion involved in gastric carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:193-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215332?tool=bestpractice.com胃酸缺乏通常是一种无症状的在检查中的偶然发现,它不要求诊断检查或治疗干预。有以下情况的患者应当怀疑:
钴胺素(维生素 B12)或铁缺乏引起的贫血体征和症状
钙缺乏的体征和症状
肠道感染
甲状腺素、酮康唑或伊曲康唑的疗效和/或药物水平下降
高胃泌素血症
内窥镜检查结果发现,胃底和胃体部黏膜变薄,伴皱襞减少和黏膜下血管易见[67]Eshmuratov A, Nah JC, Kim N, et al. The correlation of endoscopic and histological diagnosis of gastric atrophy. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55:1364-1375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629687?tool=bestpractice.com
胃类癌肿瘤。
存在提示胃酸分泌亢进疾病或胰腺内分泌腺肿瘤的体征或症状的所有患者,建议检查血清胃泌素以诊断 Zollinger-Ellison 综合征。血红蛋白水平低的患者应当怀疑胃酸缺乏。建议胃酸缺乏患者检查血红蛋白水平,因为内因子(通常由壁细胞分泌)是钴胺素吸收所必需的,且酸促进非血红素铁的吸收,约 25% 的胃酸缺乏患者会发生缺铁性贫血。[68]Hutchinson C, Geissler CA, Powell JJ, et al. Proton-pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary hemochromatosis. Gut. 2007;56:1291-1295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17344278?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Sharma VR, Brannon MA, Carloss EA. Effect of omeprazole on oral iron replacement in patients with iron deficiency anemia. South Med J. 2004;97:887-889.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15455980?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, et al. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Med. 2001;111:439-445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11690568?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hershko C, Skikne B. Pathogenesis and management of iron deficiency anemia: emerging role of celiac disease, helicobacter pylori, and autoimmune gastritis. Semin Hematol. 2009;46:339-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786202?tool=bestpractice.com胃底和/或胃体活检是诊断标准,当根据病史、体检和/或实验室检测结果进行胃酸缺乏鉴别诊断时,可进行活检。[5]El-Zimaity H. Gastritis and gastric atrophy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008;24:682-686.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19122515?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Sepulveda AR, Patil M. Practical approach to the pathologic diagnosis of gastritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:1586-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834216?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Rugge M, Genta RM. Staging and grading of chronic gastritis. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:228-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791566?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rugge M, Correa P, Di Mario F, et al. OLGA staging for gastritis: a tutorial. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40:650-658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18424244?tool=bestpractice.com在开始诊断性检查 Zollinger-Ellison 综合征之前,要求通过食管胃十二指肠镜检查(OGD 或上消化道内窥镜检查)检查高胃泌素血症患者的胃 pH 值以排除胃酸缺乏这一病因。
由于幽门螺杆菌(世界卫生组织 (WHO) 认为致癌的一种感染)在大多数萎缩性胃炎病例中的发病机理中发挥作用,所以针对该种微生物的检测是合理的,并且如果存在的话,将要根除该细菌。[24]Busuttil RA, Boussioutas A. Intestinal metaplasia: a premalignant lesion involved in gastric carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:193-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215332?tool=bestpractice.com
实验室检测结果
高胃泌素血症是胃酸缺乏的一种生理性反应。细胞腔内酸度下降会减少生长抑素的释放,从而消除其对酸分泌的主要刺激激素胃泌素的抑制作用。这种去抑制作用(消除抑制剂的影响)是机体尝试藉之恢复酸分泌的一种机制。[1]Schubert ML, Peura DA. Control of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1842-1860.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18474247?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Schubert ML, Edwards NF, Makhlouf GM. Regulation of gastric somatostatin secretion in the mouse by luminal acid: a local feedback mechanism. Gastroenterology. 1988;94:317-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2891584?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Zaki M, Harrington L, McCuen R, et al. Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 mediates inhibition of gastrin and histamine secretion from human, dog, and rat antrum. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:919-924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831586?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Martinez V, Curi AP, Torkian B, et al. High basal gastric acid secretion in somatostatin receptor subtype 2 knockout mice. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:1125-1132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9609748?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 模型说明胃泌素、组胺、生长抑素 (SST) 和腔内酸对胃酸分泌进行生理调节摘自 Mitchell L. Schubert 教授收集的资料,由 Mary Beatty-Brooks(医学绘图员)确认 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 图解胃酸缺乏以及胃类癌肿瘤形成的病理生理学的模型摘自 Mitchell L. Schubert 教授收集的资料,由 Mary Beatty-Brooks(医学绘图员)确认 [Citation ends].
健康个体的空腹血清胃泌素浓度一般<150 pg/mL。在胃酸缺乏患者中,胃泌素浓度一般>400 pg/mL 且通常>1000 pg/mL。[75]Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Festen HP, Jansen JB, et al. Long-term treatment with omeprazole for refractory reflux esophagitis: efficacy and safety. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:161-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017742?tool=bestpractice.com[76]McCloy RF, Arnold R, Bardhan KD, et al. Pathophysiological effects of long-term acid suppression in man. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40:96S-120S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7859587?tool=bestpractice.com血清胃泌素检测应当在空腹时进行,如果血清胃泌素显著升高,应当检测胃 pH 值以排除高胃泌素血症的病因 Zollinger-Ellison 综合征(胃泌素瘤)。[77]Hung PD, Schubert ML, Mihas AA. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2003;6:163-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12628075?tool=bestpractice.com高胃泌素血症的其他病因包括:抗分泌药物(5% 的长期使用质子泵抑制剂的患者的血清胃泌素水平可能超过 400 pg/mL)、胃窦切除术后残留旷置胃窦、肾功能不全、大部小肠切除以及胃出口梗阻伴明显的扩张。
钴胺素(维生素 B12)和/或铁缺乏导致血红蛋白下降。因为壁细胞分泌的内因子 (IF) 是钴胺素吸收所必需的物质,所以萎缩性胃炎是钴胺素缺乏的主要病因。[10]Howard TA, Misra DN, Grove M, et al. Human gastric intrinsic factor expression is not restricted to parietal cells. J Anat. 1996;189:303-313.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1167747/pdf/janat00124-0047.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8886952?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Scott JM. Folate and vitamin B12. Proc Nutri Soc. 1999;58:441-448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10466189?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Den Elzen WP, Groeneveld Y, De Ruijter W, et al. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and vitamin B12 status in elderly individuals. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:491-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18194503?tool=bestpractice.com术语“恶性贫血”有时用作钴胺素缺乏的代名词,但它应当用于泌酸黏膜萎缩造成内因子分泌受损导致的钴铵缺乏。[80]Lahner E, Annibale B. Pernicious anemia: new insights from a gastroenterological point of view. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:5121-5128.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i41/5121.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891010?tool=bestpractice.com恶性贫血被认为是针对内因子和壁细胞的胃自身抗体导致的自身免疫性疾病。
由于酸促进非血红素铁的吸收,约 25% 的盐酸缺乏患者会发生缺铁性贫血 (IDA)。[68]Hutchinson C, Geissler CA, Powell JJ, et al. Proton-pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary hemochromatosis. Gut. 2007;56:1291-1295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17344278?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Sharma VR, Brannon MA, Carloss EA. Effect of omeprazole on oral iron replacement in patients with iron deficiency anemia. South Med J. 2004;97:887-889.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15455980?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, et al. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Med. 2001;111:439-445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11690568?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hershko C, Skikne B. Pathogenesis and management of iron deficiency anemia: emerging role of celiac disease, helicobacter pylori, and autoimmune gastritis. Semin Hematol. 2009;46:339-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786202?tool=bestpractice.com在 160 名发现阳性壁细胞抗体和高胃泌素血症自身免疫性胃炎患者中,约 50% 的患者出现缺铁性贫血。[58]Toh BH. Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:459-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424193?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Hershko C, Ronson A, Souroujon M, et al. Variable hematologic presentation of autoimmune gastritis: age-related progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood. 2006;107:1673-1679.http://bloodjournal.org/content/107/4/1673.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239424?tool=bestpractice.com血红素铁(Fe2+,主要存在于肉制品的血红蛋白和肌红蛋白中)仅占总膳食铁摄入量的 10% 至 15%,但是,因为它特别易于吸收,所以占总铁吸收量的 40%。非血红素铁(Fe3+,发现存在于蔬菜制品中),且仅在酸性 pH 值时可溶,当 pH 值>4 时发生沉淀。由于胃酸释放食物中的 Fe3+ 并将它还原成二价铁 (Fe2+),胃酸缺乏会降低铁的吸收量。
内因子 (IF) 是壁细胞和主细胞(较低程度)分泌的一种糖蛋白,是钴胺素(维生素 B12)吸收所必需的物质。[10]Howard TA, Misra DN, Grove M, et al. Human gastric intrinsic factor expression is not restricted to parietal cells. J Anat. 1996;189:303-313.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1167747/pdf/janat00124-0047.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8886952?tool=bestpractice.com因为体内储存的钴胺素是每日需求量的 1000 倍,所以胃萎缩患者多年后才会发生钴胺素缺乏。[78]Scott JM. Folate and vitamin B12. Proc Nutri Soc. 1999;58:441-448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10466189?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Den Elzen WP, Groeneveld Y, De Ruijter W, et al. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and vitamin B12 status in elderly individuals. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:491-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18194503?tool=bestpractice.com 70% 以上的胃萎缩和/或自身免疫性胃炎患者有针对壁细胞氢-钾-ATP酶 (H+/K+ ATPase) 和/或内因子抗体。[28]Davidson RJ, Atrah HI, Sewell HF. Longitudinal study of circulating gastric antibodies in pernicious anaemia. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:1092-1095.http://jcp.bmj.com/content/42/10/1092.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2584410?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Lewerin C, Jacobsson S, Lindstedt G, et al. Serum biomarkers for atrophic gastritis and antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in the elderly: implications for vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron status and response to oral vitamin therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43:1050-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18609169?tool=bestpractice.com[36]D'Elios MM, Bergman MP, Azzurri A, et al. H+,K+-ATPase (proton-pump) is the target autoantigen of TH1-type cytotoxic T cells in autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:377-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11159878?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Claeys D, Faller G, Appelmelk BJ, et al. The gastric H+,K+-ATPase is a major autoantigen in chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis with body mucosa atrophy. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:340-347.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679039?tool=bestpractice.com 内因子抗体对胃萎缩的特异性为 100%, 27% 的患者中内因子抗体阳性。[82]Lahner E, Norman GL, Severi C, et al. Reassessment of intrinsic factor and parietal cell autoantibodies in atrophic gastritis with respect to cobalamin deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2071-2079.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491828?tool=bestpractice.com当在采用肠胃外给药方式给予大剂量非放射性钴胺素后口服放射性同位素示踪的钴胺素时,在 24 小时采集的尿样中,IF 缺乏患者排泄的放射性钴胺素比正常对照尿样更低(Schilling 试验,第 1 部分)。如果 IF 缺乏患者口服 IF 和放射性钴胺素,尿液钴胺素排泄正常化(Schilling 试验,第 2 部分)。
针对壁细胞 H+/K+ ATPase 的α和β亚基的壁细胞抗体存在于高达 90% 的胃萎缩患者中。有人提出,在遗传学易感个体中,幽门螺杆菌引发的炎症导致自身抗原耐受性瓦解,如 H+/K+ ATPase,或因为幽门螺杆菌脂多糖与 H+/K+ ATPase(二者均包括 Lewis 表位)之间分子拟态而产生抗体。[60]Annibale B, Lahner E, Santucci A, et al. CagA and VacA are immunoblot markers of past Helicobacter pylori infection in atrophic body gastritis. Helicobacter. 2007;12:23-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241297?tool=bestpractice.com随着胃炎的进展,抗体的阳性率可能减少至约 55% 至 80%,可能是由于抗原损失引起。[27]Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Pernicious anemia. Autoimmunity. 2004;37:357-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15518059?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Davidson RJ, Atrah HI, Sewell HF. Longitudinal study of circulating gastric antibodies in pernicious anaemia. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:1092-1095.http://jcp.bmj.com/content/42/10/1092.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2584410?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Argent RH, Thomas RJ, Aviles-Jimenez F, et al. Toxigenic Helicobacter pylori infection precedes gastric hypochlorhydria in cancer relatives, and H pylori virulence evolves in these families. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:2227-2235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381965?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Lewerin C, Jacobsson S, Lindstedt G, et al. Serum biomarkers for atrophic gastritis and antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in the elderly: implications for vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron status and response to oral vitamin therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43:1050-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18609169?tool=bestpractice.com[36]D'Elios MM, Bergman MP, Azzurri A, et al. H+,K+-ATPase (proton-pump) is the target autoantigen of TH1-type cytotoxic T cells in autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:377-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11159878?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Claeys D, Faller G, Appelmelk BJ, et al. The gastric H+,K+-ATPase is a major autoantigen in chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis with body mucosa atrophy. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:340-347.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679039?tool=bestpractice.com在一项研究中,IF 抗体和壁细胞抗体联合检测得出,对胃萎缩的灵敏度为 60%,对恶性贫血的灵敏度为 73%。[53]Liaskos C, Norman GL, Moulas A, et al. Prevalence of gastric parietal cell antibodies and intrinsic factor antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411:411-415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20026019?tool=bestpractice.com
胃酸分泌检测(胃酸分析)
胃酸分泌检测是胃酸缺乏诊断的确定性检测,但尚未广泛执行。[83]Oh DS, Wang HS, Ohning GV, et al. Validation of a new endoscopic technique to assess acid output in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1467-1473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17101299?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Moore EW, Scarlata RW. The determination of gastric acidity by the glass electrode. Gastroenterology. 1965;49:178-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14323728?tool=bestpractice.com通过在空腹期间将鼻胃管插入胃的最相关的部分并通过抽吸吸取胃液进行检测。应当通过 荧光透视或注射 100 mL 水后>90 mL 的回收量来验证正确的定位。使用碱(如氢氧化钠)反滴定到 pH 值 7.0,或使用电极测定样本 pH 值并使用胃液 H+ 活性系数表转换为浓度,从而确定胃液样本中的 H+ 浓度。一旦确定样本中的 H+ 浓度后(单位为 mmol/升),乘以样本的体积(单位为升),以确定收集期间酸排出量。基础酸排出量 (BAO) 估计静息酸分泌。即所说的排酸总量以连续 4 个 15 分钟内检测到的酸排出总量表示,表示为 mmol H+/小时。最大酸排出量 (MAO) 和峰酸排出量 (PAO) 估计酸分泌腺对外源性促分泌素的反应。MAO 是连续 4 个 15 分钟内的酸排出总量,PAO 为 4 个 15 分钟的检测阶段内记录的 2 个最高排出量之和乘以 2 得出的结果。
由于检测的复杂性,仅在低创检测后仍然怀疑诊断时使用。
胃底和/或胃体的活检
胃酸缺乏的最常见诊断依据是,食管胃十二指肠镜检查(OGD 或上消化道内窥镜检查)时泌酸黏膜活检查出萎缩性胃炎,且 OGD 期间吸取的胃液 pH 值>6 和/或高胃泌素血症。胃萎缩定义为胃腺损失,被成纤维细胞和细胞外基质(如胶原)、幽门样腺(幽门化生)或肠型上皮(肠上皮化生)所替代。它表现为腺体损失以及腺体占总黏膜面积的面积比下降。[85]Al-Omari FA, Matalka II, Al-Jarrah MA, et al. An intelligent decision support system for quantitative assessment of gastric atrophy. J Clin Pathol. 2011;64:330-337.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345875?tool=bestpractice.com虽然胃萎缩通常与肠上皮化生相关,后者可能多斑点状,因此受限的内窥镜活检可能漏检。因为胃萎缩和肠上皮化生的发生背景通常为慢性胃炎,一些人会使用术语“萎缩性胃炎”。[5]El-Zimaity H. Gastritis and gastric atrophy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008;24:682-686.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19122515?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Sepulveda AR, Patil M. Practical approach to the pathologic diagnosis of gastritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:1586-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834216?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Rugge M, Genta RM. Staging and grading of chronic gastritis. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:228-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791566?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rugge M, Correa P, Di Mario F, et al. OLGA staging for gastritis: a tutorial. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40:650-658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18424244?tool=bestpractice.com
自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎特征为上皮淋巴细胞性浸润 (98%)、黏膜肌层增厚 (93%)、腺体缩短和分支 (87%)、基底淋巴细胞聚集体 (83%)、嗜酸性粒细胞浸润 (46%) 和中性白细胞浸润 (44%)。[86]Bettington M, Brown I. Autoimmune gastritis: novel clues to histological diagnosis. Pathology. 2013;45:145-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277173?tool=bestpractice.com
幽门螺杆菌感染
幽门螺杆菌感染很可能是胃酸缺乏发生的最重要影响因素,虽然大多数隐匿感染的患者未出现胃酸缺乏。虽然支持在萎缩发生后消除该微生物将停止或逆转萎缩进程或预防腺癌的发生这一假设的数据很少,大多数该专门从事该领域的胃肠病专科医生建议,如果该微生物仍然存在,则将之根除。[87]Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al; European Helicobacter Study Group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection - the Maastricht IV/Florence Consensus Report. Gut. 2012;61:646-664.http://gut.bmj.com/content/61/5/646.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22491499?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Chey WD, Wong BC; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1808-1825.http://www.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/ManagementofHpylori.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17608775?tool=bestpractice.com
灵敏度>90% 且特异性>90% 的诊断检测包括尿素呼气检测(检测摄入示踪尿素后,呼出的二氧化碳中碳同位素(放射性碳-14 或非放射性碳-13)的量)、组织学检测、活检样本的快速尿素酶检测以及粪便抗原试验。[88]Chey WD, Wong BC; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1808-1825.http://www.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/ManagementofHpylori.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17608775?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Elitsur Y, Tolia V, Gilger MA, et al. Urea breath test in children: the United States prospective, multicenter study. Helicobacter. 2009;14:134-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298341?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Shimoyama T, Oyama T, Matsuzaka M, et al. Comparison of a stool antigen test and serology for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in mass survey. Helicobacter. 2009;14:87-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298335?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Granstrom M, Lehours P, Bengtsson C, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2008;13:7-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18783515?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Stenstrom B, Mendis A, Marshall B. Helicobacter pylori - the latest in diagnosis and treatment. Aus Fam Physician. 2008;37:608-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704207?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Calvet X, Ramírez Lázaro MJ, Lehours P, et al. Diagnosis and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2013;18(suppl 1):5-11.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hel.12071/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011238?tool=bestpractice.com
一些人认为组织学检测是确定性(金标准)检测。[88]Chey WD, Wong BC; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1808-1825.http://www.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/ManagementofHpylori.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17608775?tool=bestpractice.com胃窦活检 Warthin-Starry 染色已经被认为是确定幽门螺杆菌存在的最具灵敏度和特异性的检测,但通过进行胃体活检,结果可能增加约 10%。[94]Kanna S, Maradey-Romero C, Fass R. Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterol Endosc News. 2013;11(Special edition):51-58.http://www.gastroendonews.com/download/Hpylori_GENSE13_WM.pdf
PCR 是利用快速扩增幽门螺杆菌 DNA 的靶序列确定感染的分析方法。PCR 可检测胃活检(新鲜和石蜡包埋)、胃液、唾液、牙菌斑或大便中的幽门螺杆菌。[95]Ferreira RM, Machado JC, Letley D, et al. A novel method for genotyping the Helicobacter pylori vacA intermediate region directly in gastric biopsy specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:3983-3989.http://jcm.asm.org/content/50/12/3983.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23035185?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Chen T, Meng X, Zhang H, et al. Comparing multiplex PCR and rapid urease test in the detection of H. pylori in patients on proton pump inhibitors. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:898276.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2012/898276/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319944?tool=bestpractice.com肽核酸荧光原位杂交技术是检测石蜡包埋的胃活检样本中幽门螺杆菌感染的分子检测方法。通过与组织学检测比较,灵敏度与特异性分别为 98% 和 100%。[97]Tajbakhsh S, Samarbaf-Zadeh AR, Moosavian M. Comparison of fluorescent in situ hybridization and histological method for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy samples. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:BR183-BR187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18758410?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Cerqueira L, Fernandes RM, Ferreira RM, et al. Validation of a fluorescence in situ hybridization method using peptide nucleic acid probes for detection of Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin resistance in gastric biopsy specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:1887-1893.http://jcm.asm.org/content/51/6/1887.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23596234?tool=bestpractice.com
应当注意的是,由于在根除该微生物数年后仍然可检测到抗体,因此虽然血清学检测的灵敏度>90%,但是其对活动性感染的特异性<80%。
新兴检测
胃蛋白酶原类是非活性多肽原酶(称为酶原)。它们主要由主细胞分泌。[99]Richter C, Tanaka T, Yada RY. Mechanism of activation of the gastric aspartic proteinases: pepsinogen, progastricsin and prochymosin. Biochem J. 1998;355:481-490.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1219805/pdf/9794784.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794784?tool=bestpractice.com胃蛋白酶原 I (PGI) 在泌酸黏膜(胃基底和胃体)中生成,而胃蛋白酶原 II (PGII) 在泌酸和幽门(窦)黏膜中生成。[100]Etherington DJ, Taylor WH. Nomenclature of the pepsins. Nature. 1967;216:279-280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4862228?tool=bestpractice.com
血清 PGI 水平与酸排出量相关,胃萎缩患者的主细胞损失与血清 PGI 之间存在线性关系。PGI <25 ng/mL 或 PGI/PGII 比为 2.5 至 3.0 或更低已经被用作检测黏膜萎缩的非侵入性检查,灵敏度为 80% 且特异性为 90%。[23]Webb PM, Hengels KJ, Moller H, et al. The epidemiology of lower serum pepsinogen A levels and an international association with gastric cancer rates. EUROGAST Study Group. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1335-1344.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926498?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Miki K, Urita Y. Using serum pepsinogens wisely in a clinical practice. J Dig Dis. 2007;8:8-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17261129?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Sipponen P, Ranta P, Helske T, et al. Serum levels of amidated gastrin-17 and pepsinogen I in atrophic gastritis: an observational case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;37:785-791.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12190091?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Vaananen H, Vauhkonen M, Helske T, et al. Non-endoscopic diagnosis of atrophic gastritis with a blood test: correlation between gastric histology and serum levels of gastrin-17 and pepsinogen I: a multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15:885-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12867799?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Leja M, Kupcinskas L, Funka K, et al. The validity of a biomarker method for indirect detection of gastric mucosal atrophy versus standard histopathology. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:2377-2384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731026?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Antico A, Tampoia M, Villalta D, et al. Clinical usefulness of the serological gastric biopsy for the diagnosis of chronic autoimmune gastritis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:520970.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2012/520970/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23251219?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Agreus L, Kuipers EJ, Kupcinskas L, et al. Rationale in diagnosis and screening of atrophic gastritis with stomach-specific plasma biomarkers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:136-147.http://informahealthcare.com/doi/full/10.3109/00365521.2011.645501http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22242613?tool=bestpractice.com然而在另一项研究中,患有或未患有慢性萎缩性胃炎者的 PGI 和 PGI/PGII 比率没有明显差异。[107]McNicholl AG, Forné M, Barrio J, et al. Accuracy of GastroPanel for the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26:941-948.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232299/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25014624?tool=bestpractice.com
亚洲和斯堪的纳维亚国家使用胃蛋白酶原检测,但在 US 其并非常规检测。
胃饥饿素由 Gr 细胞(主要位于胃基底和胃体泌酸腺的基底部分)在胃中生成。血清胃饥饿素水平与血清胃蛋白酶原 I 水平相关且随萎缩程度上升而下降。[108]Kawashima J, Ohno S, Sakurada T, et al. Circulating acylated ghrelin level decreases in accordance with the extent of atrophic gastritis. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:1046-1054.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19701601?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Takiguchi S, Adachi S, Yamamoto K, et al. Mapping analysis of ghrelin producing cells in the human stomach associated with chronic gastritis and early cancers. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:1238-1246.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147250?tool=bestpractice.com