胃酸缺乏没有特定的治疗方法。虽然被认为是一个肿瘤前过程,具有约每年 0.1% 至 0.2% 以及终身 5% 的腺癌风险,不建议进行监测性内窥镜检查。[125]Hirota WK, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG, et al. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:570-580.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564854?tool=bestpractice.com由于幽门螺杆菌感染被世界卫生组织(WHO)认为有致癌风险且在大多数萎缩性胃炎病例中的发病机理中发挥作用,所以针对该种微生物的检测是合理的,并且如果存在的话,根除该细菌。[24]Busuttil RA, Boussioutas A. Intestinal metaplasia: a premalignant lesion involved in gastric carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:193-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215332?tool=bestpractice.com根除幽门螺杆菌 10 年后,位于泌酸腺黏膜(胃底和胃体)的萎缩性胃炎,而非肠上皮化生的状况会得到改善。[128]Toyokawa T, Suwaki K, Miyake Y, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection improved gastric mucosal atrophy and prevented progression of intestinal metaplasia, especially in the elderly population: a long-term prospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:544-547.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19817964?tool=bestpractice.com但是,没有证据表明,在萎缩性胃炎和/或肠上皮化生发生后,根除该微生物可减少腺癌风险。[129]De Vries AC, Kuipers EJ, Rauws EA. Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer: when is the horse out of the barn? Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1342-1345.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491846?tool=bestpractice.com其他治疗方法旨在防止出现胃酸缺乏引起的并发症和/或对其进行治疗,如钴胺素、铁和钙缺乏以及某些药物的吸收受损。
幽门螺杆菌感染
虽然对幽门螺杆菌感染的标准初始治疗是 10 至 14 天的包括质子泵抑制剂(奥美拉唑)、阿莫西林和克拉霉素的三联疗法,但是这种治疗方法的成功率目前<80%,与克拉霉素耐药性的发生率增加和治疗依从性较差相关。对于对青霉素过敏的患者,甲硝唑可代替阿莫西林。克拉霉素耐药率>15% 时,不应地使用经验性三联疗法。在美国,耐药性的发生率为:克拉霉素 16%、甲硝唑 20%、四环素类药物 0.8% 以及左氧氟沙星 31%。[130]Shiota S, Reddy R, Alsarraj A, et al. Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori among male United States veterans. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1616-1624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25681693?tool=bestpractice.com对阿莫西林的抗生素耐药性较为少见。治疗依从性较差与治疗方案复杂以及抗生素的不良反应有关。
在参与临床试验的患者中,治愈率>90% 的更有效初步治疗方法包括四联和序贯治疗方案。这些治疗方案会持续 10 至 14 天。[131]Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori infection - management from a European perspective. Dig Dis. 2014;32:275-280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24732193?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Graham DY, Lee YC, Wu MS. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:177-186.e3.http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565%2813%2900773-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23751282?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Liang X, Xu X, Zheng Q, et al. Efficacy of bismuth-containing quadruple therapies for clarithromycin-, metronidazole-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Helicobacter pylori infections in a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:802-807.e1.http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565%2813%2900116-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376004?tool=bestpractice.com
四联治疗方案:
应当注意的是,仅在少数国家(英国或美国当前不提供)可提供呋喃唑酮,且耐药性通常较低。
序贯治疗方案:
先前两次根治失败后,二线治疗包含以下治疗方案之一:
利福布丁主要用作抗结核药,幽门螺杆菌罕见对它有耐药性。[87]Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al; European Helicobacter Study Group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection - the Maastricht IV/Florence Consensus Report. Gut. 2012;61:646-664.http://gut.bmj.com/content/61/5/646.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22491499?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Chey WD, Wong BC; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1808-1825.http://www.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/ManagementofHpylori.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17608775?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Stenstrom B, Mendis A, Marshall B. Helicobacter pylori - the latest in diagnosis and treatment. Aus Fam Physician. 2008;37:608-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704207?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori infection - management from a European perspective. Dig Dis. 2014;32:275-280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24732193?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Graham DY, Lee YC, Wu MS. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:177-186.e3.http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565%2813%2900773-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23751282?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Liang X, Xu X, Zheng Q, et al. Efficacy of bismuth-containing quadruple therapies for clarithromycin-, metronidazole-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Helicobacter pylori infections in a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:802-807.e1.http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565%2813%2900116-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376004?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Vakil N. H. pylori treatment: new wine in old bottles? Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:26-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19098845?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Vakil N, Megraud F. Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:985-1001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854602?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Graham DY, Rimbara E. Understanding and appreciating sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45:309-313.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21389810?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Hsu PI, Wu DC, Wu JY, et al. Modified sequential Helicobacter pylori therapy: proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin for 14 days with clarithromycin and metronidazole added as a quadruple (hybrid) therapy for the final 7 days. Helicobacter. 2011;16:139-145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435092?tool=bestpractice.com既往使用克拉霉素、氟喹诺酮类药物或利福布丁通常会导致幽门螺杆菌产生耐药性,然而很少发生阿莫西林和四环素类药物耐药性。
通常应使用粪便抗原或尿素呼吸检测等非侵入性检测确定治疗是否成功。[132]Graham DY, Lee YC, Wu MS. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:177-186.e3.http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565%2813%2900773-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23751282?tool=bestpractice.com
药物吸收受损
酸分泌下降可能影响某些药物的吸收(如左甲状腺素、地拉韦定、阿扎那韦、酮康唑、伊曲康唑、头孢泊肟、依诺沙星和双嘧达莫)。[45]Lahner E, Annibale B, Delle Fave G. Systemic review: Helicobacter pylori infection and impaired drug absorption. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:379-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053985?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Lahner E, Annibale B, Delle Fave G. Systemic review: impaired drug absorption related to the co-administration of antisecretory therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;28:1219-1229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19302263?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Oosterhuis B, Jonkman JH, Andersson T, et al. Minor effect of multiple dose omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin after a single oral dose. Br J Clin Pharmac. 1991;32:569-572.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1954072?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Soons PA, van den Berg G, Danhof M, et al. Influence of single- and multiple-dose omeprazole treatment on nifedipine pharmacokinetics and effects in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;42:319-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1577051?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Checchi S, Montanaro A, Pasqui L, et al. L-thyroxine requirement in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and parietal cell antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:465-469.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042648?tool=bestpractice.com可能需要增加剂量以获得疗效。