在亚洲、非洲和南美的疫区中,多数蛔虫病患者没有临床症状,并且不知道自己被感染。但患有嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎(吕弗勒氏综合征)或涉及到胃肠道或肝胆道的梗阻性并发症的患者属于明显例外情况。但是,某些患者会观察到排出成虫并寻求医疗帮助。另外一些患者因体内可能存在蠕虫而表现出焦虑或恐慌。
临床评估
如在流行国家/地区以外的地区会诊,则确定危险因素(例如最近到发展中国家/地区旅行或居住在发展中国家/地区,或收养的患者来自蛔虫病流行的国家/地区)很重要。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[20]American Academy of Pediatrics. Ascaris lumbricoides infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:218-219.在这类患者中,哮喘样症状可能预示着早期幼虫在肺中移行。在这一阶段,幼虫从血流中进入肺泡,然后沿着气管向上移行,并被吞下。据说受感染患者患有嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎或吕弗勒氏综合征,可能会出现数周的发烧、咳嗽、呼吸急促和/或咯血等症状。根据患者感染的虫荷和过敏性高反应的程度不同,体检可能还会发现呼吸急促、缺氧、哮鸣、干啰音、啰音、肋间回缩和/或荨麻疹样皮肤病变。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[14]Schwartzman JD. Intestinal nematodes that migrate through lungs (Ascariasis). In: Strickland GT, ed. Hunter's tropical medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1991:696-700.[21]Cappello M, Hotez PJ. Intestinal nematodes. In: Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:1331-1339.大量摄入虫卵后最可能出现过敏和肺部症状。[12]Cooper PJ. Interactions between helminth parasites and allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;9:29-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680069/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19106698?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Cappello M, Hotez PJ. Intestinal nematodes. In: Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:1331-1339.[22]Gelpi AP, Mustafa A. Ascaris pneumonia. Am J Med. 1968:44:377-389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5641301?tool=bestpractice.com因蛔虫导致的嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎(吕弗勒氏综合征),在很少暴露或间歇性暴露的人员中更为常见(例如外派并居住在沙特阿拉伯等有季节性传播或散发性传播的地区)。
非特异性的胃肠道症状(包括腹胀、腹痛、厌食、消化不良、呕吐和腹泻)可发生在虫荷较低的时候。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[7]de Silva NR, Guyatt HL, Bundy DA. Morbidity and mortality due to Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:31-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093623?tool=bestpractice.com[20]American Academy of Pediatrics. Ascaris lumbricoides infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:218-219.缠结的蠕虫团可聚集在回盲部,并导致典型的小肠梗阻症状,包括恶心、呕吐和便秘,以及痉挛或疝气腹痛。大量虫团可导致小肠部分或完全梗阻。在儿童中这种情况可能更为常见,这是蛔虫病发病和死亡的主要原因。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 实验室技术员手捧一团从一名肯尼亚儿童体内排出的蛔虫公共卫生的图像库,CDC [Citation ends].小肠梗阻通常表现为发热、呕吐、胀气、局部或广泛性腹痛、肠鸣音减少或缺乏。如果出现了肠穿孔,则可见到低血压、呼吸急促、反跳痛和腹部败血症的其他临床表现。在低龄儿童中更常见到胃肠道症状,这是由于其带虫量较高和肠腔较小所致。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[7]de Silva NR, Guyatt HL, Bundy DA. Morbidity and mortality due to Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:31-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093623?tool=bestpractice.com
如遇肝胆管和/或胰腺蛔虫病,患者可表现出胆绞痛、胆囊炎、急性胆管炎、胰腺炎或肝脓肿等症状。查体结果可包括发热、RUQ 触痛、肝肿大和黄疸。肝胆管和/或胰腺蛔虫病在成人当中更为常见。
带虫量大的儿童,尤其是生活在疫区和发展中国家/地区的儿童,可能出现生长发育不良的情况。此外,检查还可发现其他的营养不良状态,如恶性营养不良病或缺铁性贫血(例如倦怠、脆发症、脱皮、水肿、结膜苍白等)。尽管这些症状和特征并不是蛔虫病特有的,但有这些症状时应检查是否存在蛔虫和其他肠道蠕虫,尤其是钩虫,因为它们是有感染风险儿童的可能的致病因素。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[14]Schwartzman JD. Intestinal nematodes that migrate through lungs (Ascariasis). In: Strickland GT, ed. Hunter's tropical medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1991:696-700.对儿童生长和发育的影响是蛔虫病造成的最隐匿和最普遍的影响。部分研究表明,仅仅 10 至 15 条虫的带虫量即可导致吸收不良、乳糖消化障碍、肠通透性受损和食物摄入量减少。[7]de Silva NR, Guyatt HL, Bundy DA. Morbidity and mortality due to Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:31-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093623?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Crompton DW. Ascariasis and childhood malnutrition. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:577-579.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1287902?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Stephenson LS, Crompton DW, Latham MC, et al. Evaluation of a four year project to control Ascaris infection in children in two Kenyan villages. J Trop Pediatr. 1983;29:175-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6876238?tool=bestpractice.com在由于膳食缺乏导致营养不良的儿童中,这些营养影响更加严重。
尽管研究不多,但对于成人而言,已经认定土源性蠕虫(包括蛔虫)带来的食欲丧失和体重减轻会对其工作效率产生负面影响。而且,蛔虫病对儿童生长发育的影响,也会导致成人后工作效率降低。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[2]Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet. 2006;367:1521-1532.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16679166?tool=bestpractice.com[3]de Silva NR, Chan MS, Bundy DA. Morbidity and mortality due to ascariasis: re-estimation and sensitivity analysis of global numbers at risk. Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2:519-528.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9236818?tool=bestpractice.com[20]American Academy of Pediatrics. Ascaris lumbricoides infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:218-219.[25]Guyatt H. Do intestinal nematodes affect productivity in adulthood? Parasitol Today. 2000;16:153-158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10725902?tool=bestpractice.com
初步检查
对粪便进行显微镜检查是诊断蛔虫病最可靠的方法。对于怀疑有肠道感染的患者应当进行此项检查,如归来的旅行者、外派人员、来自疫区的儿童和在疫区患过肠梗阻的患者等。当直接检查或在浓缩样本中检测到虫卵时,虫卵通常看起来像鹅卵石,棕黄色球形或卵圆形,大小为 55 至 75 微米 x 35 至 50 微米。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.未受精卵可能更难鉴别,因为其大小和外观均不典型。
由于每条雌性成虫可产生大量的虫卵,因此,只要检测一个粪便样本通常就能做出诊断。但是,在单性成虫感染或低龄蠕虫感染中,粪便显微镜检查会产生假阴性结果。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[20]American Academy of Pediatrics. Ascaris lumbricoides infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:218-219.[21]Cappello M, Hotez PJ. Intestinal nematodes. In: Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:1331-1339.每克粪便中的虫卵数可用于评估特定患者感染的虫荷和社区的感染密度。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[2]Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet. 2006;367:1521-1532.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16679166?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Crompton DW. Ascaris and ascariasis. Adv Parasitol. 2001;48:285-375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11013758?tool=bestpractice.com
对于怀疑有嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎(吕弗勒氏综合征)的患者,应当进行胸部 X 线 (CXR) 检查:最近刚从疫区旅行归来的新发哮喘或发热和咳嗽的患者,应当进行胸部 X 线 (CXR) 检查。在幼虫移行通过肺脏的过程中,CXR 检查可发现斑片样肺浸润。
对于来自蛔虫病疫区、怀疑有肠梗阻的患者,应当进行腹部的 X 线检查。有肠梗阻的患者可能有气液平面、或在阻塞团块中有多个线性蛔虫影像。
后续检查
在幼虫移行通过肺脏的过程中,痰液和胃部抽出物的显微镜检查可发现幼虫,长度为 1 至 2 mm。痰液也可能含有幼虫和夏科-莱登结晶。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.在移行期间,FBC 可发现嗜酸性粒细胞增多症,同时,低 Hb 可能说明合并有钩虫感染或营养缺乏症。对于怀疑有嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎(吕弗勒氏综合征)的患者,本试验可作为痰液/胃部抽出物显微镜检查和 CXR 检查的补充性检查。
在钡餐检查时,也可看到成虫,造影剂可使其外形看起来为线性充盈缺损阴影,或如果虫体自身摄入了钡剂,则在肠腔中会出现弯曲的线性高密度阴影。对于患有原因不明的腹痛或体重减轻的患者,通常会进行该项检查。根据患者的鉴别诊断结果,蛔虫可能是一个偶然性的或预期的结果。
如果腹部的 X 线检查提示有小肠梗阻,则通过腹部超声、泛影葡胺制剂造影研究或 CT 扫描可发现疾病是由于一大团成虫阻塞在胃肠道或单个虫体阻塞在肝胆管系统中造成的。[27]Mahmood T, Mansoor N, Quraishy S, et al. Ultrasonographic appearance of Ascaris lumbricoides in the small bowel. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20:269-274.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270532?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Ferreyra NP, Cerri GG. Ascariasis of the alimentary tract, liver, pancreas and biliary system: its diagnosis by ultrasonography. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;45:932-937.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9755984?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Beitia AO, Haller JO, Kantor A. CT findings in pediatric gastrointestinal ascariasis. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 1997;21:47-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9118070?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Reeder MM. The radiological and ultrasound evaluation of ascariasis of the gastrointestinal, biliary, and respiratory tracts. Semin Roentgenol. 1998;33:57-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516689?tool=bestpractice.com对于认为有肝胆管系统蠕虫寄生的患者,可实施内镜逆行胰胆管造影检查 (ERCP),以便确诊并去除虫体。[31]Baillie J. Endoscopic therapy in acute recurrent pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:1034-1037.https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v14/i7/1034.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18286684?tool=bestpractice.com在资源有限的情况下,可能无法执行这些诊断程序,诊断只能依赖临床判断。
新出现的试验
抗蛔虫病的抗体已被用于流行病学研究,但很少(如有)用于诊断个体感染。幼虫移行会伴发血清 IgE 抗体水平升高、组织嗜酸性粒细胞增多症和肥大细胞增多症。作为 Th2 细胞介导的炎性反应的一部分,CD4 + T 细胞可优先释放出白介素 (IL)-4、IL-5 和 IL-13。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[12]Cooper PJ. Interactions between helminth parasites and allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;9:29-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680069/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19106698?tool=bestpractice.com
已经开发了基于尿液的气液色谱分析技术,用于诊断蛔虫病,但仅限于研究使用。[32]Hall A, Romanova T. Ascaris lumbricoides: detecting its metabolites in the urine of infected people using gas-liquid chromatography. Exp Parasitol. 1990;70:35-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2295325?tool=bestpractice.com