使用几种口服驱虫药物,很容易治疗蛔虫病。除了可预防寄生虫产生的机械性和过敏性并发症外,治疗流行区的蛔虫病还可能具有间接益处,对于儿童尤其如此。既往的一些研究显示,在对蛔虫病和其他肠道寄生虫感染儿童进行治疗后,儿童成长加速。一项在肯尼亚进行的研究显示,在使用左旋咪唑进行治疗后,儿童的体重(0.7 kg 对比既往的 0.5 kg)和皮肤皱褶厚度(2.0 mm 对比既往减少1.1 mm)有显著增加。[35]Stephenson LS, Crompton DW, Latham MC, et al. Relationships between Ascaris infection and growth of malnourished preschool children in Kenya. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:1165-1172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6768282?tool=bestpractice.com坦桑尼亚的研究人员表明,与对照组相比,进行蛔虫病治疗的儿童的体重升高率增加了 8%,[36]Willett WC, Kilama WL, Kihamia CM. Ascaris and growth rates: a randomized trial of treatment. Am J Public Health. 1979;69:987-991.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/384815?tool=bestpractice.com现在甚至在低龄儿童中也已经确立了其益处。在印度的营养不良学龄前儿童中(1-5岁),实施了每六个月一次的五轮次阿苯达唑单次给药,与对照组相比,产生了显著的体重增加 (35%)。[37]Awasthi A, Peto R, Pande V, et al. Effects of deworming on malnourished preschool children in India; an open-labelled, cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2:e223.http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000223http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18414647?tool=bestpractice.com印度尼西亚的一个研究团队发现,使用甲苯咪唑治疗的儿童在治疗后 5 个月进行认知能力测验时,显示其评分提高。[38]Hadidjaja P, Bonang E, Suyardi MA, et al. The effect of intervention methods on nutritional status and cognitive function of primary school children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:791-795.http://www.ajtmh.org/docserver/fulltext/14761645/59/5/9840600.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9840600?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童的蠕虫感染也可能会改变其对疟疾的易感性。在尼日利亚 4 个城乡结合部村落的学龄前儿童中进行的一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的临床试验中,通过每 4 个月一次的阿苯达唑重复给药治疗,使疟原虫感染增长率降低,同时也降低了蛔虫感染的患病率和感染强度。[39]Kirwan P, Jackson AL, Asaolu SO, et al. Impact of repeated four-monthly anthelmintic treatment on Plasmodium infection in preschool children: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:277.https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-10-277http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858280?tool=bestpractice.com
作为一种具有成本效益的控制疫区人群土源性蠕虫感染的措施,世界卫生组织推荐使用阿苯达唑联合吡喹酮单次给药对学龄儿童进行群体投药 (mass drug administration, MDA),以治疗蛔虫病、其他土源性蠕虫和血吸虫病。[40]World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiases. Eliminating soil-transmitted helminthiases as a public health problem in children: progress report 2001-2010 and strategic plan 2011-2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503129_eng.pdf然而,迄今为止评估 MDA 对减少总体患病率和感染强度影响的研究产生了相互矛盾的结果。例如,对印度地区 1 百万名学龄前儿童进行的一项超大型随机试验显示,阿苯达唑对儿童体重、身高或血红蛋白水平没有影响。[41]Awasthi S, Peto R, Read S, et al. Population deworming every 6 months with albendazole in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381:1478-1486.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647147/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498850?tool=bestpractice.com一项 Cochrane 综述总结道,没有证据表明 MDA 在营养状态、成长、血红蛋白水平、认知或学校表现方面具有有益效果。[42]Taylor-Robinson DC, Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, et al. Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD000371.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000371.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2620278?tool=bestpractice.com类似地,相关人员发现对妊娠女性进行常规驱虫并没有对分娩结局带来有益影响。[43]Salam RA, Haider BA, Humayun Q, et al. Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil-transmitted helminths during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD005547.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005547.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26087057?tool=bestpractice.com
无症状性肠道感染
当成虫或特征性虫卵在粪便中被发现,应使用驱虫药进行治疗。一线治疗药物为苯并咪唑类药物(例如,阿苯达唑、甲苯咪唑)或伊维菌素。[44]American Academy of Pediatrics. Drugs for parasitic infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:793.[45]The Medical Letter, Inc. Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2007;5:e1-e15.左旋咪唑是 WHO 认可的另外一种替代性药物。[46]World Health Organization. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf
尽管在儿童中广泛使用苯并咪唑类药物并没有发现特殊的安全性问题,但尚没有有关该类药物在年龄<2 岁患者中的使用数据;因此,在将这些药物应用于该年龄组的儿童时,应权衡风险和收益。[44]American Academy of Pediatrics. Drugs for parasitic infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:793.[45]The Medical Letter, Inc. Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2007;5:e1-e15.[47]Biddulph J. Mebendazole and albendazole for infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9:373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2352825?tool=bestpractice.com双羟萘酸噻嘧啶可用于所有年龄段的患者。[48]Khuroo MS. Ascariasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:553-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863040?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管具有极好的、成熟的安全性特征,但尚没有任何一种驱虫药被批准用于孕妇。WHO 的确建议使用阿苯达唑或甲苯咪唑对妊娠中期和晚期孕妇以及哺乳期妇女进行治疗。在土源性感染患病率>20% 的地方,这是预防计划的一部分,因为这对于减少母亲贫血和改善婴儿各项指标可能有好处。[46]World Health Organization. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf在妊娠期给予这些药物之前,应权衡风险和收益,尤其是在妊娠早期。如发现妊娠早期妇女患有蛔虫病,则她必须等到妊娠中期才能接受治疗。
甲苯咪唑、阿苯达唑、伊维菌素和左旋咪唑均为孕期 C 类药物,尚未正式认定双羟萘酸噻嘧啶的类别。
嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎(吕弗勒氏综合征)
由于肺炎是自限性疾病,且常发生在知道患者感染了蛔虫病之前,因此,治疗通常是支持性的。根据表现出的临床症状的严重程度,患者可从支气管扩张药和雾化或系统性皮质类固醇治疗中获益。镇咳剂和抗组胺药对症状也有一定的缓解作用。驱虫治疗可能并不会改变肺炎的疾病过程。但是,如果怀疑蛔虫病是根本原因,则应当在呼吸疾病得出结论后 2 至 3 周检查粪便,以鉴定虫卵并治疗肠道成虫。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[48]Khuroo MS. Ascariasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:553-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863040?tool=bestpractice.com
肠梗阻
如果没有并发症(药物治疗 24 小时后,仍有持续性的腹痛、持续性的触痛性腹部肿块、固定的腹部肿块,或存在毒血症指症)的肠梗阻,药物治疗通常可取得成功。[1]Seltzer E, Barry M, Crompton DWT. Ascariasis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006:1257-1264.[49]Gangopadhyay AN, Upadhyaya VD, Gupta DK, et al. Conservative treatment for round worm intestinal obstruction. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74:1085-1087.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174642?tool=bestpractice.com可使用哌嗪、鼻胃抽吸、禁食、静脉输液和补充电解质对患者进行医学治疗。[21]Cappello M, Hotez PJ. Intestinal nematodes. In: Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:1331-1339.[44]American Academy of Pediatrics. Drugs for parasitic infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:793.[19]Hotez PJ. Parasitic nematode infections. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler-Harrison GJ, et al, eds. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:2981-2996.如没有哌嗪,也可使用阿苯达唑、甲苯咪唑和双羟萘酸噻嘧啶治疗肠梗阻。但是,当使用其他的驱虫药时应小心,因为这些药物可能会引起肠梗阻或加重肠梗阻。[50]Vásquez Tsuji O, Gutiérrez Castrellón P, Yamazaki Nakashimada MA, et al. Anthelmintics as a risk factor in intestinal obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides in children [in Spanish]. Bol Chil Parasitol. 2000;55:3-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11757415?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Salman AB. Management of intestinal obstruction caused by ascariasis. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:585-587.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126759?tool=bestpractice.com哌嗪可使蛔虫成虫麻痹,因此,可通过肠道蠕动使蛔虫从肠道中自然排出。单次给予哌嗪的有效性为 70% 至 80%;2 日连续给药的有效性为 90%。患者不应同时使用氯丙嗪,因为可能出现癫痫发作。
也建议通过鼻胃管给予泛影酸钠和泛影葡胺溶液。这有助于缓解由于蛔虫病引起的部分肠梗阻,因为高渗性溶液可帮助缠绕在一起的蠕虫团分开。也应当采用小肠梗阻的标准疗法(禁食、鼻胃抽吸、静脉输液和补充电解质)。
在以下情况下,可考虑进行剖腹手术,以便取出虫体团块:[52]Hefny AF, Saadeldin YA, Abu-Zidan FM. Management algorithm for intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis: a case report and review of the literature. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg (Turkish J Trauma Emerg Surg). 2009;15:301-305.https://www.journalagent.com/travma/pdfs/UTD_15_3_301_305.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562557?tool=bestpractice.com
怀疑有腹膜炎
怀疑有肠绞窄
完全性肠梗阻
在放射检查时发现腹膜内存在游离空气
药物治疗24 小时后病情无改善。
手术过程中,如不能用手使寄生虫团移向结肠,可能需要进行肠切开术直接取出。如有坏疽或肠梗死,可能需要切除受累的肠段。[48]Khuroo MS. Ascariasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:553-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863040?tool=bestpractice.com
累及肝胆管和/或胰腺
累及肝胆管和/或胰腺可表现为以下 5 种症状之一:
在医疗资源丰富的情况下,通常可通过内镜逆行胰胆管造影术 (ERCP) 取出阻塞肠道的蠕虫。也可使用哌嗪来麻痹蠕虫,但有些专家认为,这种治疗方法会妨碍蠕虫从胆管系统回迁进入十二指肠。[48]Khuroo MS. Ascariasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:553-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863040?tool=bestpractice.com如 ERCP 手术不能取得成功或不可行,则手术是缓解梗阻的剩余选择。[20]American Academy of Pediatrics. Ascaris lumbricoides infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CH, Long SS, et al, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:218-219.
胆绞痛患者可给与吗啡镇痛。由于蛔虫引起急性胆管炎的患者通常有继发性细菌感染和败血症;因此,除去除蛔虫以外,还应给予患者广谱抗生素和其他的支持性治疗措施,如输液和补充电解质等。[48]Khuroo MS. Ascariasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:553-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863040?tool=bestpractice.com应遵循败血症治疗指南。