证明蛔虫病和其他肠道蠕虫病对儿童生长、营养和发育有负面影响的研究已使人们更加关注全球性的肠道寄生虫问题。1989 年,联合国营养问题小组委员会和世界卫生组织 (WHO) 建议在蛔虫病广泛流行和营养不良地区实施定期驱虫计划。[23]Crompton DW. Ascariasis and childhood malnutrition. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:577-579.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1287902?tool=bestpractice.com1993 年,世界发展报告将寄生虫引述为导致 5 至 14 岁儿童伤残调整生命年 (DALY) 损失的重大原因。因此,WHO 建议在计划中使用 4 种驱虫药物(阿苯达唑、甲苯咪唑、左旋咪唑和双羟萘酸噻嘧啶),以减少肠道蠕虫感染的发病率。2001 年,世界卫生大会决议 WHA54.19 设置了一个目标,即至 2010 年末,成员国应定期对 75% 至 100% 的学龄儿童(年龄在 5 至 14 周岁之间)实施驱虫化疗。[48]Khuroo MS. Ascariasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:553-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863040?tool=bestpractice.com[59]World Health Organization. World Health Assembly Resolution 54.19: Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA54/ea54r19.pdf尽管该目标并未达到,但在 2012 年,WHO 确认了其承诺,把实施驱虫药物的群体投药 (MDA),作为减少全球土源性蠕虫感染负担的主要手段。[40]World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiases. Eliminating soil-transmitted helminthiases as a public health problem in children: progress report 2001-2010 and strategic plan 2011-2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503129_eng.pdf
现在,WHO 建议,在蛔虫病广泛流行地区,学龄前和学龄儿童、育龄妇女(包括在妊娠中期和妊娠晚期的妇女)、哺乳妇女和从事某些职业的成人(例如采茶工和矿工),每年接受一次或两次治疗。妊娠早期妇女和年龄<1 岁的儿童是从该策略中排除的唯一亚群。[46]World Health Organization. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf由于妇女和儿童的发病率最高,因此,这些人群是该群体发病率减少策略的目标人群。
但是,驱虫的收益又遭到质疑。由 Cochrane 研究组开展的 meta 分析未能发现证据证明以下结论:基于群体的驱虫药给药可一致性改善儿童的营养状态、血液血红蛋白水平或学校表现,或者在妊娠中期或晚期给药可改善分娩结局,这表明当前建议和全球政策可能需要修改。[42]Taylor-Robinson DC, Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, et al. Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD000371.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000371.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2620278?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Salam RA, Haider BA, Humayun Q, et al. Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil-transmitted helminths during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD005547.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005547.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26087057?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of deworming drugs in children living in soil-transmitted intestinal worm endemic areas?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.943/full显示答案 对印度地区 1 百万名儿童进行的一项为期 5 年的研究(入选时这些儿童的年龄在 6-72 个月之间)显示,一年两次的阿苯达唑给药对儿童的体重、血红蛋白水平或存活率无益处。[41]Awasthi S, Peto R, Read S, et al. Population deworming every 6 months with albendazole in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381:1478-1486.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647147/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498850?tool=bestpractice.com因为驱虫后可快速发生再感染,[60]Jia TW, Melville S, Utzinger J, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1621.http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001621http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22590656?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Yap P, Du ZW, Wu FW, et al. Rapid re-infection with soil-transmitted helminths after triple-dose albendazole treatment of school-aged children in Yunnan, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:23-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690551?tool=bestpractice.com所以MDA 是否有可能持续减少蛔虫病和其他的土源性蠕虫感染的健康负担,仍有待观察。进一步工作主要集中在饮水、卫生设施、卫生习惯 (WASH) 对蛔虫和其他土源性蠕虫感染率的影响。一项 meta 分析显示,能得到清洁饮水和遵循特定规范(例如洗手)可显著降低感染风险。这表明,联合应用目标人群驱虫、行为改变以及获得清洁饮水等综合性策略,也许能更有效地控制疫区的蛔虫病流行。[62]Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, et al. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001620.http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24667810?tool=bestpractice.com