据估算,在英国,3% 的男性和 8% 的女性患有缺铁性贫血 (IDA)。[2]Ruston D, Hoare J, Henderson L, et al. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19-64 years. Volume 4: Nutritional status (anthropometry and blood analytes), blood pressure and physical activity. The Stationery Office. London. 2004. 世界各地的 IDA 患病率差异极大。[3]Hallberg, L, Hulten, L, Lindstedt G, et al. Prevalence of iron deficiency in Swedish adolescents. Pediatr Res. 1993;34:680-687.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8284110?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Iron deficiency: United States, 1999-2000. MMWR. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51: 897-899.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5140a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12418542?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Zlotkin SH, Ste-Marie M, Kipelman H, et al. The prevalence of iron depletion and iron-deficiency anaemia in a randomly selected group of infants from four Canadian cities. Nutr Res. 1996;16:729. 在美国,全国健康和营养检查调查数据(NHANES)III 显示≤2% 的 20 岁及以上男性和 50 岁及以上女性存在缺铁。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563847?tool=bestpractice.com 因为月经失血,缺铁性贫血在绝经前的女性更常见。[7]Beutler E. Disorders of iron metabolism. In: Lichtman MA, Beutler E, Kipps TJ, et al. Williams hematology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2006: 511-559,803-822. NHANES III 数据显示,年龄在 16~49 岁之间的非妊娠妇女中,11% 存在缺铁,其中 3%~5% 患 IDA。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563847?tool=bestpractice.com 美国的低收入妊娠妇女中,在妊娠早期、中期和晚期,贫血患病率分别为 9%、4% 和 37%。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563847?tool=bestpractice.com 居住在美国的墨西哥妊娠妇女中,80% 患 IDA,居住在阿根廷的 2 岁以下的儿童中,>35% 患 IDA。[8]Ramakrishnan U, Frith-Terhune A, Cogswell M, et al. Dietary intake does not account for differences in low iron stores among Mexican American and non-Hispanic white women: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Nutr. 2002;132:996-1001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11983827?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Comite Nacional de Hematologia. [Iron deficiency anemia. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment [in Spanish]. Arch Argentin Pediatr. 2009;107:353-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19753445?tool=bestpractice.com 婴儿和青少年由于正处于生长突增期,对铁的需求量高,因而患病风险增加。婴儿的缺铁与饮食密切相关。20%-40% 仅以非铁强化配方奶或全牛乳喂养的婴儿以及 15%-25% 以母乳喂养的婴儿,在 9-12 个月前存在缺铁风险。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563847?tool=bestpractice.com 由于政府规定多种食品必须进行铁强化,因而缺铁性贫血的发病率和患病率呈下降趋势。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563847?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Karl JP, Lieberman HR, Cable SJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an iron-fortified food product in female soldiers during military training: relations between iron status, serum hepcidin, and inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:93-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20444958?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Osei AK, Rosenberg IH, Houser RF, et al. Community-level micronutrient fortification of school lunch meals improved vitamin A, folate, and iron status of schoolchildren in Himalayan villages of India. J Nutr. 2010;140:1146-1154.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410083?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Rivera JA, Shamah T, Villalpando S, et al. Effectiveness of a large-scale iron-fortified milk distribution program on anemia and iron deficiency in low-income young children in Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:431-439.http://www.ajcn.org/content/91/2/431.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20016011?tool=bestpractice.com[13]McClung JP, Karl JP, Cable SJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation in female soldiers during military training: effects on iron status, physical performance, and mood. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:124-131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474138?tool=bestpractice.com [
]For children from low- and middle-income countries, does point-of-use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders improve outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1959/full显示答案