对于 6~12 月龄、有高危因素(生活贫困、黑人、美国原住民、阿拉斯加州当地人、发展中国家移民、早产儿或低出生体重儿、初始饮食摄入为未强化营养的牛乳)的无症状的婴儿,推荐补充铁摄入。使用铁强化食品与血红蛋白水平改善和贫血风险的降低相关,正如在妊娠期间常规使用铁补充剂一样。[16]Pasricha SR, Drakesmith H, Black J, et al. Control of iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries. Blood. 2013;121:2607-2617.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/121/14/2607.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355536?tool=bestpractice.com[34]US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for iron deficiency anemia: including iron supplementation for children and pregnant women. May 2006. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org (last accessed 21 February 2017).http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsiron.htm[35]Pavord S, Myers B, Robinson S, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 2012;156:588-600.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22512001?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Gera T, Sachdev HS, Boy E. Effect of iron-fortified foods on hematologic and biological outcomes: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:309-324.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/2/309.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760566?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Routine iron/folate supplementation during pregnancy: effect on maternal anaemia and birth outcomes. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26(suppl 1):168-177.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01312.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742609?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Malave HG, et al. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD009997.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482110?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Nogueira Arcanjo FP, Santos PR, Arcanjo CP, et al. Use of iron-fortified rice reduces anemia in infants. J Trop Pediatr. 2012;58:475-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22643708?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Mitra AK, Khoury AJ. Universal iron supplementation: a simple and effective strategy to reduce anaemia among low-income, postpartum women. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:546-553.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=6&fid=8480042&jid=PHN&volumeId=15&issueId=03&aid=8480041&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession=&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S1368980011001261http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21729466?tool=bestpractice.com [
]For children from low- and middle-income countries, does point-of-use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders improve outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1959/full显示答案Meta 分析提示患有缺铁性贫血的妇女,孕前每日补充铁剂能够提高婴儿出生时的体重。[41]Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, et al; Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (anaemia). Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f3443.http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3443?view=long&pmid=23794316http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23794316?tool=bestpractice.com
关于口服铁补充剂是否增加疟疾流行地区儿童患疟疾或死亡的风险,现有数据存在矛盾。2016 年的一份 Cochrane 评价发现,当预防和管理服务到位时,铁剂治疗不会增加罹患疟疾的临床风险。[42]Neuberger A, Okebe J, Yahav D, et al. Oral iron supplements for children in malaria-endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD006589.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006589.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26921618?tool=bestpractice.com WHO 目前声明,应对生活在疟疾流行国家/地区的儿童进行常规补铁,前提是这些国家/地区已经采取公共卫生措施来预防、诊断和治疗疟疾。[43]World Health Organization. Daily iron supplementation in infants and children. 2016. http://www.who.int/nutrition/ (last accessed 21 February 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/daily_iron_supp_childrens/en/[44]World Health Organization. Daily iron supplementation in adult women and adolescent girls. 2016. http://www.who.int/nutrition/ (last accessed 21 February 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/daily_iron_supp_womenandgirls/en/ [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of oral iron supplements (with or without folic acid) in children in malaria-endemic areas?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1350/full显示答案
随机试验和系统性 meta 分析表明,补铁可以安全地改善包括低、中收入家庭条件的小学儿童血液系统和非血液系统疾病的预后。尚不确定补铁对认知发展的益处。[45]Low M, Farrell A, Biggs BA, et al. Effects of daily iron supplementation in primary-school-aged children: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2013;185:E791-E802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832580/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130243?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Taylor TA, Kennedy KA. Randomized trial of iron supplementation versus routine iron intake in VLBW infants. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e433-e438.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/2/e433.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23339225?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Wang B, Zhan S, Gong T, et al. Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three with iron deficiency anaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD001444.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001444.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744449?tool=bestpractice.com
一项随机临床试验显示,在极低出生体重婴儿中,与常规铁摄入相比,口服铁补充剂对 36 周的红细胞压积或输血需求没有额外益处。[46]Taylor TA, Kennedy KA. Randomized trial of iron supplementation versus routine iron intake in VLBW infants. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e433-e438.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/2/e433.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23339225?tool=bestpractice.com
美国疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 以及一份系统评价和 meta 分析的结果建议,在妊娠期间普遍进行 30 mg/日的铁补充,以满足增加的铁需求。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563847?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, et al; Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (anaemia). Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f3443.http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3443?view=long&pmid=23794316http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23794316?tool=bestpractice.com
WHO 和联合国推荐对妊娠和哺乳期女性以及低出生体重婴儿普遍进行补铁。同时推荐若贫血患病率超过 40%,则在育龄妇女包括青春期少女和学龄儿童中补铁。[48]WHO, UNICEF, UNU. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control. WHO/NHD/01.3. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_NHD_01.3.pdf[43]World Health Organization. Daily iron supplementation in infants and children. 2016. http://www.who.int/nutrition/ (last accessed 21 February 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/daily_iron_supp_childrens/en/[44]World Health Organization. Daily iron supplementation in adult women and adolescent girls. 2016. http://www.who.int/nutrition/ (last accessed 21 February 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/daily_iron_supp_womenandgirls/en/
低质量的证据表明,妊娠女性接受间歇性(每周 2-3 次,非连续)补铁与每日补铁的母婴结局相似,但前者产生的副作用较少;然而,临近胎儿足月时患轻度贫血的风险有所增加。[38]Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Malave HG, et al. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD009997.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482110?tool=bestpractice.com