一线治疗
初始治疗通常为口服铁(硫酸亚铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁或富马酸亚铁)。网织红细胞计数应在 1-2 周时达到峰值,血红蛋白应在 3-4 周时出现改善(升高 20 g/L [2 g/dL]),同时血红蛋白在 2-4 个月后恢复正常,并且铁储备在 6 个月后恢复。[15]Andrews, NC. Iron deficiency and related disorders. In: Lee GR, Foerster J, Lukens J, et al., eds. Wintrobe's clinical hematology. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999:979-1010.口服铁补充剂的疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,按每天 180-220 mg 铁元素的剂量口服铁补充剂可使血红蛋白平均每天升高 0.25 g/100 mL。[70]Pritchard JA. Hemoglobin regeneration in severe iron-deficiency anemia. Response to orally and parenterally administered iron preparations. JAMA. 1966;195:717-720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5951874?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项随机研究发现,与含维生素 C 的多糖铁复合物相比,富马酸亚铁的治疗效果更佳。[71]Liu TC, Lin SF, Chang CS, et al. Comparison of a combination ferrous fumarate product and a polysaccharide iron complex as oral treatments of IDA: a Taiwanese study. Int J Hematol. 2004;80:416-420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15646652?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
植物和乳制品中的非血红素铁的吸收需要酸消化。抗坏血酸(维生素 C)和肉可加强铁的吸收,钙、纤维、茶、咖啡和酒抑制铁吸收。[14]Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD. Iron deficiency anemia. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:671-678.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/671.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375513?tool=bestpractice.com 当口服铁剂疗效不佳时,应考虑补充维生素 C。[1]Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, et al. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut. 2011;60:1309-1316.http://www.bsg.org.uk/images/stories/docs/clinical/guidelines/sbn/iron_def_2011.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561874?tool=bestpractice.com
多达 10% 的患者存在胃肠不耐受。这种情况可通过更换一种每片含较少元素铁的剂型、服用液体剂型或与食物同时服用(尽管这样会降低吸收率)来改善。
口服铁治疗失败
对于已知缺铁但口服铁剂治疗无效或难以耐受口服铁剂的患者,可考虑静脉补铁。静脉使用铁补充剂的疗效:有中等质量的证据表明,静脉使用右旋糖酐铁可使血红蛋白平均每天增加 0.28 g/100 mL,含糖氧化铁可使血红蛋白平均每天增加 0.33 g/100 mL。[70]Pritchard JA. Hemoglobin regeneration in severe iron-deficiency anemia. Response to orally and parenterally administered iron preparations. JAMA. 1966;195:717-720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5951874?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在治疗与恶性肿瘤、炎症性肠病和可能的心脏衰竭相关的缺铁性贫血方面,与口服铁剂相比,静脉使用铁剂具有明显的疗效优势。[72]Aapro M, Österborg A, Gascón P, et al. Prevalence and management of cancer-related anaemia, iron deficiency and the specific role of i.v. iron. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1954-1962.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/8/1954.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575608?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Gascón, P. Iron therapy in cancer-induced anemia. Transfus Altern Transfus Med. 2012;12:130-134.[74]Lee TW, Kolber MR, Fedorak RN, et al. Iron replacement therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with iron deficiency anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:267-275.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873994611002601http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22405161?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Reinisch W, Staun M, Tandon RK, et al. A randomized, open-label, non-inferiority study of intravenous iron isomaltoside 1,000 (Monofer) compared with oral iron for treatment of anemia in IBD (PROCEED). Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1877-1888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853365/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24145678?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Comin-Colet J, Lainscak M, Dickstein K, et al. The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:30-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3533918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297124?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Kansagara D, Dyer E, Englander H, et al. Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:746-757.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0061206/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297191?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Beck-da-Silva L, Piardi D, Soder S, et al. IRON-HF study: a randomized trial to assess the effects of iron in heart failure patients with anemia. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:3439-3442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23680589?tool=bestpractice.com 对危重外伤患者静脉补铁并没有带来明显改善,因此不推荐对贫血的危重患者进行常规静脉补铁治疗。[79]Pieracci FM, Stovall RT, Jaouen B, et al. A multicenter, randomized clinical trial of IV iron supplementation for anemia of traumatic critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:2048-2057.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24797376?tool=bestpractice.com
与不采用铁剂治疗相比,使用铁剂治疗术前贫血并未使接受同种异体输血的患者比例发生有统计学意义的降低。[80]Ng O, Keeler BD, Mishra A, et al. Iron therapy for pre-operative anaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(12):CD011588.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011588.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26694949?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究报告称,围手术期静脉使用铁剂后,术后 4 周出现输血需求减少、住院时间缩短、铁储备恢复增强,以及平均血红蛋白浓度升高。[81]Froessler B, Palm P, Weber I, et al. The important role for intravenous iron in perioperative patient blood management in major abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2016;264:41-46.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4902320/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26817624?tool=bestpractice.com
蔗糖铁在孕期应用安全,一些研究显示其较口服铁更有效。[82]Kochhar PK, Kaundal A, Ghosh P. Intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013;39:504-510.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22925176?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究提示在产后期静脉蔗糖铁与口服铁相比无获益增加。[83]Perelló MF, Coloma JL, Masoller N, et al. Intravenous ferrous sucrose versus placebo in addition to oral iron therapy for the treatment of severe postpartum anaemia: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2014;121:706-713.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24423186?tool=bestpractice.com
目前有几种可用的静脉铁剂。应尽量避免使用高分子量静脉铁,因为其引起输液反应的发生率较高。考虑使用其他任何铁剂剂型均是恰当的,没有发现哪种更有优势。[84]Avni T, Bieber A, Grossman A, et al. The safety of intravenous iron preparations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90:12-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25572192?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Macdougall IC, Strauss WE, McLaughlin J, et al. A randomized comparison of ferumoxytol and iron sucrose for treating iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:705-712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974353/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458078?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Hetzel D, Strauss W, Bernard K, et al. A phase III, randomized, open-label trial of ferumoxytol compared with iron sucrose for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with a history of unsatisfactory oral iron therapy. Am J Hematol. 2014;89:646-650.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajh.23712/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639149?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Onken JE, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, active-controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Transfusion. 2014;54:306-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23772856?tool=bestpractice.com
大约 1% 的患者对糖酐铁有严重过敏反应,因此必须首先给予试验剂量。如果患者对糖酐铁出现严重过敏反应,仍可以考虑对其使用葡萄糖醛酸铁,每周给药一次。静脉使用较新的铁剂剂型时,发生严重过敏反应的风险相对较低。[88]Khalafallah A, Dennis A, Bates J, et al. A prospective randomized, controlled trial of intravenous versus oral iron for moderate iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy. J Intern Med. 2010;268:286-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20546462?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Bailie GR, Mason NA, Valaoras TG. Safety and tolerability of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Hemodial Int. 2010;14:47-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19888949?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2436-2448.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0908355#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19920054?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Van Wyck DB, Mangione A, Morrison J, et al. Large-dose intravenous ferric carboxymaltose injection for iron deficiency anemia in heavy uterine bleeding: a randomized, controlled trial. Transfusion. 2009;49:2719-2728.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682342?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Wang C, Graham DJ, Kane RC, et al. Comparative risk of anaphylactic reactions associated with intravenous iron products. JAMA. 2015;314:2062-2068.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575062?tool=bestpractice.com