所有患者
非手术治疗
液体复苏:所有患者都应开放静脉通路和大量静脉补液。应留置 Foley 导尿管以监测尿量。
肠道减压:应对所有患者放置鼻胃管,以进行上消化道气体/液体减压。在该阶段,应该(向普通外科医师)进行手术咨询。
止吐:尽管完全性 SBO 患者通常有严重呕吐,但一般不使用止吐剂,因其缓解作用不明显。最有效的止吐方法是鼻胃管减压。对于部分性 SBO,止吐治疗可能有效,但仅在鼻胃管吸出物很少时建议给药。[23]Chen SC, Lee CC, Yen ZS, et al. Specific oral medications decrease the need for surgery in adhesive partial small-bowel obstruction. Surgery. 2006 Mar;139(3):312-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546494?tool=bestpractice.com 甲氧氯普胺禁用于肠梗阻患者。
止痛:对于部分性或完全性 SBO 患者,为其提供足够的止痛治疗很重要。通过使用吗啡可达到效果。
抗生素:没有足够证据表明此类患者使用广谱抗生素获益。相反地,如果手术需要,应使用抗生素预防感染。
静脉补液以及留置鼻胃管可以使约三分之一至一半的部分性 SBO 患者得到缓解。非手术治疗很少对完全性 SBO 起效,因此通常需要手术治疗;例外情况包括克罗恩病和放射性肠炎,在这些情况下,仅使用鼻胃管减压可能有益。一般来说,对于部分性 SBO,在手术前可进行 48-72 小时保守治疗,除非有肠绞窄证据,在这种情况下,需立即进行手术治疗。[16]Maung AA, Johnson DC, Piper GL, et al; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Evaluation and management of small-bowel obstruction: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Nov;73(5 suppl 4):S362-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114494?tool=bestpractice.com
在治疗肠梗阻的同时,也需对基础病因进行纠正。在诊断后应进行针对性的治疗,例如对阑尾炎患者进行阑尾切除术,对肠旋转不良患者进行 Ladd 术,对梗阻性肿瘤患者进行肿瘤切除术,对腹股沟疝患者进行疝修补术。最常见的病因包括粘连、腹股沟疝,在无手术既往史的成人中,最常见的病因还包括肿瘤。
对于由粘连引起急性 SBO 的患者,有些证据表明水溶性造影剂(例如,泛影葡胺)是一种有效的治疗,能避免手术,还与住院时长缩短有关。[24]American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected small-bowel obstruction. 2013 [internet publication].https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69476/Narrative[25]Ceresoli M, Coccolini F, Catena F, et al. Water-soluble contrast agent in adhesive small bowel obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic value. Am J Surg. 2016 Jun;211(6):1114-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26329902?tool=bestpractice.com Meta 分析发现,24 小时内水溶性造影剂在结肠中出现,对预测 SBO 的分辨率具有敏感性和特异性。[20]Branco BC, Barmparas G, Schnüriger B, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic and therapeutic role of water-soluble contrast agent in adhesive small bowel obstruction. Br J Surg. 2010 Apr;97(4):470-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205228?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Ceresoli M, Coccolini F, Catena F, et al. Water-soluble contrast agent in adhesive small bowel obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic value. Am J Surg. 2016 Jun;211(6):1114-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26329902?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然水溶性造影剂的使用不断增加,[26]Lee MJ, Sayers AE, Wilson TR, et al. Current management of small bowel obstruction in the UK: results from the National Audit of Small Bowel Obstruction clinical practice survey. Colorectal Dis. 2018 Jul;20(7):623-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29331086?tool=bestpractice.com 但应仅在密切监测的情况下采用该方法。如果需要行手术,相较于开放性手术,更倾向于腹腔镜下粘连松解术。[13]Rami Reddy SR, Cappell MS. A systematic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of small bowel obstruction. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017 Jun;19(6):28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28439845?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价显示,与开腹手术相比,接受腹腔镜手术患者的并发症发生率、死亡率、感染率和住院率均较高。[27]Sajid MS, Khawaja AH, Sains P, et al. A systematic review comparing laparoscopic vs open adhesiolysis in patients with adhesional small bowel obstruction. Am J Surg. 2016 Jul;212(1):138-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27162071?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Wiggins T, Markar SR, Harris A. Laparoscopic adhesiolysis for acute small bowel obstruction: systematic review and pooled analysis. Surg Endosc. 2015 Dec;29(12):3432-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25840892?tool=bestpractice.com
对于继发于克罗恩病所致肠狭窄的 SBO 患者,内镜球囊扩张和双气囊小肠镜辅助扩张是安全有效的手术替代方案。[29]Navaneethan U, Lourdusamy V, Njei B, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation in the management of strictures in Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized trials. Surg Endosc. 2016 Dec;30(12):5434-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27126619?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Baars JE, Theyventhiran R, Aepli P, et al. Double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted dilatation avoids surgery for small bowel strictures: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec 7;23(45):8073-81.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725302/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29259383?tool=bestpractice.com
当 SBO 由晚期恶性肿瘤导致时,必须权衡手术获益与并发症发生风险。[31]Cousins SE, Tempest E, Feuer DJ. Surgery for the resolution of symptoms in malignant bowel obstruction in advanced gynaecological and gastrointestinal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 4;(1):CD002764.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002764.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26727399?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of surgery for malignant bowel obstruction?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1946/full显示答案 这些患者可能获益于缓解症状的治疗,即通过保守治疗进行胃肠减压(如果可能),联合应用止吐剂、解痉剂和充分的镇痛治疗。[13]Rami Reddy SR, Cappell MS. A systematic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of small bowel obstruction. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017 Jun;19(6):28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28439845?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,为了处理患者的症状,手术可能是缓和治疗的必要部分。[32]Santangelo ML, Grifasi C, Criscitiello C, et al. Bowel obstruction and peritoneal carcinomatosis in the elderly: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017 Feb;29(Suppl 1):73-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27837464?tool=bestpractice.com
一项系统评价发现,证据不足,无法确定水溶性造影剂在恶性肠梗阻患者治疗中的作用。[21]Syrmis W, Richard R, Jenkins-Marsh S, et al. Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 7;(3):CD012014.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012014.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29513393?tool=bestpractice.com