若将自杀风险筛查作为公共卫生干预手段用于成年人[100]Nimeus A, Alsen M, Traskman-Bendz L. The suicide assessment scale: an instrument assessing suicide risk of suicide attempters. Eur Psychiatry. 2000;15:416-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11112934?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Harriss L, Hawton K. Suicidal intent in deliberate self-harm and the risk of suicide: the predictive power of the Suicide Intent Scale. J Affect Disord. 2005;86:225-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15935242?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Cochrane-Brink KA, Lofchy JS, Sakinofsky I. Clinical rating scales in suicide risk assessment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2000;22:445-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11072061?tool=bestpractice.com 或者老年[103]Pena JB, Caine ED. Screening as an approach for adolescent suicide prevention. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36:614-637.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17250467?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Fujisawa D, Tanaka E, Sakamoto S, et al. The development of a brief screening instrument for depression and suicidal ideation for elderly: the Depression and Suicide Screen. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59:634-638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16401236?tool=bestpractice.com 以及青少年群体(例如在学校机构内),[105]Shaffer D, Scott M, Wilcox H, et al. The Columbia Suicide Screen: validity and reliability of a screen for youth suicide and depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:71-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14691362?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Reynolds WM. A school-based procedure for the identification of adolescents at risk for suicidal behaviour. Fam Community Health. 1991;14:64-75.[107]Horowitz LM, Wang PS, Koocher GP, et al. Detecting suicide risk in a pediatric emergency department: development of a brief screening tool. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1133-1137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11331698?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Thompson EA, Eggert LL. Using the suicide risk screen to identify suicidal adolescents among potential high school dropouts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:1506-1514.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10596250?tool=bestpractice.com 至关重要的是确保需接受评估的门槛清晰,并确保筛选后判定为较高风险的患者容易获得合适且有效的临床干预。
2004 年,为美国预防服务工作组制定了一份关于成人初级医疗保健期间自杀风险筛查证据的总结。[109]Gaynes BN, West SL, Ford CA, et al. Screening for suicide risk in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:822-835.http://annals.org/aim/article/717460/screening-suicide-risk-adults-summary-evidence-u-s-preventive-serviceshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148072?tool=bestpractice.com 该工作组发现,没有研究阐述初级医疗保健患者的自杀风险筛查是否可改善发生率和死亡率,仅有一项研究评估了初级医疗保健中识别自杀风险工具的使用特征。这项研究比较了使用针对初级保健以症状为依据诊断系统的 3 个条目(死亡想法、对死的期望、想要自杀)与结构式访谈来识别自杀实施计划的效果。敏感性为 83% 至 100%,特异性为 81% 至 98%,阳性预测值为 5.9% 至 30%。[109]Gaynes BN, West SL, Ford CA, et al. Screening for suicide risk in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:822-835.http://annals.org/aim/article/717460/screening-suicide-risk-adults-summary-evidence-u-s-preventive-serviceshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148072?tool=bestpractice.com 就初级医疗保健中的成人患者而言,自杀风险筛查的有效性证据极少,因此工作组转而推荐初级医疗保健中的抑郁患者接受常规自杀风险筛查,对于这部分人群,存在有效性方面的证据。[109]Gaynes BN, West SL, Ford CA, et al. Screening for suicide risk in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:822-835.http://annals.org/aim/article/717460/screening-suicide-risk-adults-summary-evidence-u-s-preventive-serviceshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148072?tool=bestpractice.com
在临床中区分基于人群的筛查与个体患者筛查至关重要。就识别和风险评估内容培训初级医疗保健服务提供者,以及使用“筛查”问题询问有抑郁症状患者的自杀意念,不会增加自杀意念的发生率,且与降低的自杀率相关。[56]Crawford MJ, Thana L, Methuen C, et al. Impact of screening for risk of suicide: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 May;198(5):379-84.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=21525521http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525521?tool=bestpractice.com[57]van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Sarchiapone M, Postuvan V, et al. Best practice elements of multilevel suicide prevention strategies: a review of systematic reviews. Crisis. 2011;32(6):319-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21945840/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21945840?tool=bestpractice.com