治疗的目的是改善症状和外貌,减少复发率。极少完全治愈。[1]Olsen EA, Whittaker S, Kim YH, et al. Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2598-2607.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2010.32.0630http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576639?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Kempf W, Pfaltz K, Vermeer MH, et al. EORTC, ISCL, and USCLC consensus recommendations for the treatment of primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011;118:4024-4035.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/118/15/4024.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841159?tool=bestpractice.com治疗策略包括皮肤靶向治疗(早期疾病主要治疗方法;晚期疾病也可以选择部分治疗方法)和全身性治疗(通常用于更广泛或难治性疾病)。通常来讲,治疗方案的选择取决于医生和患者的意愿,因为没有哪一种治疗方法被证明优于另一种治疗方法。[23]Weberschock T, Strametz R, Lorenz M, et al. Interventions for mycosis fungoides. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD008946.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008946.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972128?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do interventions affect outcomes in people with mycosis fungoides?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.252/full显示答案 无论早期还是晚期疾病,如果患者为合适的候选者都可以考虑临床试验。[24]Willemze R, Hodak E, Zinzani P, et al; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(Suppl 6):vi149-vi154.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/24/suppl_6/vi149/160742/Primary-cutaneous-lymphomas-ESMO-Clinical-Practicehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868906?tool=bestpractice.com
皮肤靶向治疗
这种治疗方法仍然是早期疾病的主要治疗方法(但晚期疾病也可以选择部分治疗方法)。治疗包括润肤剂,局部外用皮质类固醇,紫外线B (UVB),补骨脂素光化学疗法 (PUVA),局部化疗,外用类维生素A酸,局部外照射放疗和全身皮肤电子束治疗 (total skin electron beam therapy, TSEBT)。连续皮肤靶向治疗的基本原理是由一项关键性的试验证实的,该试验结果提示使用全身化疗对早期疾病进行积极全身治疗并没有改变总生存率。[25]Kaye FJ, Bunn PA Jr, Steinberg SM, at al. A randomized trial comparing combination electron-beam radiation and chemotherapy with topical therapy in the initial treatment of mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1784-1790.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2594037?tool=bestpractice.com
局部外用药物
对于疾病早期可能多年不需要治疗,或只有局部使用润肤剂可能是必要的。
局部外用皮质类固醇已被证实对于早期疾病可以取得良好的治疗反应和症状缓解。一项中位随访9个月的研究显示T1(局限性斑片,丘疹和/或斑块占皮肤表面积<10%)患者完全缓解率为63%,T2(斑片,丘疹和/或斑块占皮肤表面积≥10%)患者为25%。[26]Zackheim HS, Kashani-Sabet M, Amin S. Topical corticosteroids for mycosis fungoides: experience in 79 patients. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:949-954.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/189275http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9722724?tool=bestpractice.com
局部化疗药物,例如氮芥 (mechlorethamine, nitrogen mustard) 或卡莫司汀(BCNU),都为强效的DNA烷化剂,已被证实对于治疗浅表性皮肤病有效。[27]Ramsay DL, Halperin PS, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Topical mechlorethamine therapy for early stage mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19:684-691.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3183094?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Zackheim HS, Epstein EH Jr., Crain WR. Topical carmustine (BCNU) for cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a 15-year experience in 143 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:802-810.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2347966?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Kim YH, Martinez G, Varghese A, et al. Topical nitrogen mustard in the management of mycosis fungoides: update of the Stanford experience. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:165-173.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/479188http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12588222?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Lessin SR, Duvic M, Guitart J, et al. Topical chemotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: positive results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial testing the efficacy and safety of a novel mechlorethamine, 0.02%, gel in mycosis fungoides. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:25-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23069814?tool=bestpractice.com局限性疾病的总反应率:中等质量的研究显示局部外用氮芥(0.01%或0.02%,不论水溶液或是乳膏状)能有效治疗浅表皮肤疾病(T1期疾病患者的总反应率为50-70%, T2期疾病患者为25-40%)[31]Hoppe RT, Abel EA, Deneau DG, et al. Mycosis fungoides: management with topical nitrogen mustard. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:1796-1803.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3681368?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。一种新型氮芥凝胶制剂被证明与传统复合软膏制剂同等有效和安全,IA-IIA 期患者的应答率为 58%。[30]Lessin SR, Duvic M, Guitart J, et al. Topical chemotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: positive results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial testing the efficacy and safety of a novel mechlorethamine, 0.02%, gel in mycosis fungoides. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:25-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23069814?tool=bestpractice.com
对其他治疗方法难治性或不能耐受的早期CTCL患者的皮肤损害可局部使用维A酸,贝沙罗汀 (bexarotene) 。[32]Scarisbrick JJ, Morris S, Azurdia R, et al. U.K. consensus statement on safe clinical prescribing of bexarotene for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:192-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963233?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究结果显示,贝沙罗汀凝胶作为早期CTCL的病灶靶向治疗得到了具有前景的结果(总反应率为63%,临床完全反应率为21%,中位反应持续时间为99周)。[33]Breneman D, Duvic M, Kuzel T, et al. Phase 1 and 2 trial of bexarotene gel for skin-directed treatment of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:325-332. [Erratum in: Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1386.]http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478736http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11902983?tool=bestpractice.com
光疗法
UVB疗法联合光疗法可用于治疗斑块疾病,但由于对于皮肤有限的穿透性,使得其对于治疗斑块疾病疗效不佳。一项研究结果显示其完全反应率为83%,中位缓解维持时间为22个月。[34]Ramsay DL, Lish KM, Yalowitz CB, et al. Ultraviolet-B phototherapy for early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:931-933.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1626959?tool=bestpractice.com
PUVA疗法(包含口服用补骨脂素 [8-甲氧基补骨脂素],暴露于长波紫外线可活化)是伴有斑块疾病患者的一个治疗的选择,由于其增加了皮肤的穿透性,该疗法是早期患者最有效的治疗方法之一。早期病变反应良好:中等质量的研究显示,相比于氮芥,PUVA疗法对于早期皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤是安全有效的治疗方式(95%的反应率,65%可获得完全缓解,持续缓解的平均时间为43个月)。[35]Herrmann JJ, Roenigk HH Jr, Hurria A, et al. Treatment of mycosis fungoides with photochemotherapy (PUVA): long-term follow-up. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:234-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7622650?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。然而,鲜有数据有关于PUVA治疗对总生存的影响。维持治疗可延长缓解时间。单独使用PUVA方法仅限于早期CTCL,因为晚期患者单独使用PUVA方法很难获得完全缓解。由于高UVA累积剂量可导致继发性皮肤癌的风险,PUVA的总剂量控制在200次治疗以内。为提高缓解率同时减少紫外线暴露,PUVA已与干扰素α等全身治疗联合应用。[36]Kuzel TM, Roenigk HH Jr, Samuelson E, et al. Effectiveness of interferon alfa-2a combined with phototherapy for mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:257-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7799028?tool=bestpractice.com
放疗
CTCL为放疗敏感性肿瘤,体外放射治疗在治疗孤立、局限性皮肤病中,以及对较厚的斑片和体积较大的肿瘤结节的缓解起着重要的作用。[37]Wilson LD, Kacinski BM, Jones GW. Local superficial radiotherapy in the management of minimal stage IA cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40:109-115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9422565?tool=bestpractice.com应用相对低剂量的低能量放射治疗,对于浅表性皮肤病放射剂量在4Gy至40Gy之间可获得有效治疗。
电子束治疗已被广泛应用;放射治疗的剂量由皮肤疾病的深度决定。如果需要,该方法可反复应用,由于电子束治疗剂量极少超过皮肤的耐受剂量。全身皮肤电子线照射 (Total skin electron beam therapy, TSEBT) 专门用于治疗蕈样霉菌病 (MF)。在欧洲,电子束治疗方法最常用于弥漫性、对其他皮肤靶向疗法难治性斑块或肿瘤期MF。然而,在美国TSEBT可用于疾病的更早期阶段,目的是延长无病生存期。通常应用6或8野技术向皮肤发送4-MeV至9-MeV电子。允许保留真皮下结构,由于80%的电子到达第一个1cm,<5%的电子能超过2cm深度。已证实高剂量比低剂量可取得更长的缓解期。[38]Hoppe RT, Cox RS, Fuks Z, et al. Electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: the Stanford University experience. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63:691-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/109207?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Reddy S, Parker CM, Shidnia H, et al. Total skin electron beam radiation therapy for mycosis fungoides. Am J Clin Oncol. 1992;15:119-124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553898?tool=bestpractice.com早期疾病的完全反应率为56%-96%。[38]Hoppe RT, Cox RS, Fuks Z, et al. Electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: the Stanford University experience. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63:691-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/109207?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Reddy S, Parker CM, Shidnia H, et al. Total skin electron beam radiation therapy for mycosis fungoides. Am J Clin Oncol. 1992;15:119-124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553898?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Quiros PA, Jones GW, Kacinski BM, et al. Total skin electron beam therapy followed by adjuvant psoralen/ultraviolet-A light in the management of patients with T1 and T2 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38:1027-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9276369?tool=bestpractice.com晚期疾病患者的反应率通常更低,但仍可取得良好的缓解效果。[41]Maingon P, Truc G, Dalac S, et al. Radiotherapy of advanced mycosis fungoides: indications and results of total skin electron beam and photon beam irradiation. Radiother Oncol. 2000;54:73-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10719702?tool=bestpractice.com在晚期疾病中,TSEBT治疗后可应用其他治疗方法持续性治疗。例如,在TSEBT后采用PUVA辅助治疗可以显著改善患者的无病生存率。[40]Quiros PA, Jones GW, Kacinski BM, et al. Total skin electron beam therapy followed by adjuvant psoralen/ultraviolet-A light in the management of patients with T1 and T2 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38:1027-1035.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9276369?tool=bestpractice.com
全身性治疗
用于更广泛疾病患者,全身性治疗包括全身化疗,光分离置换法,干扰素,类维生素A酸和其他研究性生物生物反应调节剂。
全身性化疗通常用于晚期或复发患者,或对于皮肤靶向治疗难治性的患者。此疗法被考虑作为姑息性治疗而非治愈性治疗。虽然能观察到良好的治疗反应,但与其他淋巴瘤相比总体结果仍不令人满意。可使用单药或联合化疗。
一项研究已经发现口服低剂量甲氨蝶呤作为单药治疗可取得疗效,其反应率为76%,5年生存率为71%。[42]Zackheim HS, Epstein EH Jr. Low-dose methotrexate for the Sezary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:757-762.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2808792?tool=bestpractice.com并有较好的耐受性,因此此疗法在某些人群中仍受到欢迎。静脉注射嘌呤类似物,例如喷司他丁、克拉屈滨和氟达拉滨,也被证实有效。[43]Kurzrock R, Pilat S, Duvic M. Pentostatin therapy of T-cell lymphomas with cutaneous manifestations. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3117-3121.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506607?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Cummings FJ, Kim K, Neiman RS, et al. Phase II trial of pentostatin in refractory lymphomas and cutaneous T-cell disease. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:565-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2066753?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Greiner D, Olsen EA, Petroni G. Pentostatin (2'-deoxycoformycin) in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:950-955.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204061?tool=bestpractice.com此外,吉西他滨是一种新型嘧啶抗代谢药物,已显示出良好的反应率,且耐受性好。[46]Zinzani PL, Baliva G, Magagnoli M, et al. Gemcitabine treatment in pretreated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: experience in 44 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:2603-2606.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10893292?tool=bestpractice.com由于多柔比星的不良反应,此类药物作为于晚期CTCL的姑息治疗药物使用有限。尽管如此,越来越多的研究探索在此类疾病中使用蒽环类药物的脂质体制剂的疗效,已发现该药有较高的反应率且心脏毒性较少。[47]Kim YH, Chow S, Varghese A, et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of patients with generalized patch and/or plaque (T2) mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:26-32.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/477692http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9923777?tool=bestpractice.com
联合化疗也被证实具有疗效(反应率80%)。[48]Rosen ST, Foss FM. Chemotherapy for mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;9:1109-1116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8522487?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Whittaker SJ, Foss FM. Efficacy and tolerability of currently available therapies for the mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome variants of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007;33:146-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275192?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Duvic M. Systemic monotherapy vs combination therapy for CTCL: rationale and future strategies. Oncology (Williston Park). 2007;21:33-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17474358?tool=bestpractice.com常用化疗方案包括CHOP(环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱、泼尼松龙),VICOP-B(伊达比星、依托泊苷、环磷酰胺、长春新碱、博来霉素、泼尼松龙),和EPOCH(依托泊苷、长春新碱、多柔比星、环磷酰胺、泼尼松龙)。尽管如此,由于总生存率仍然没有改变并且毒副反应较大,因此这些化疗方案通常用于伴有淋巴结和内脏受累的晚期患者。
体外光分离置换法 (Extracorporeal photopheresis, ECP) 为 PUVA 疗法的全身型治疗,已用于治疗 CTCL 达 35 年。多年以来,光分离置换法对于特定亚群具有明确疗效,尤其是对难治性Sezary综合征的患者。[51]Edelson R, Berger C, Gasparro F, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Preliminary results. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:297-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3543674?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Edelson R, Heald P, Perez M. Photopheresis update. Prog Dermatol. 1991;25:1-6.[53]Fraser-Andrews E, Seed P, Whittaker S, et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome: no significant effect in the survival of 44 patients with a peripheral blood T-cell clone. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1001-1005.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/189256http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9722731?tool=bestpractice.com此外,ECP耐受性好,不良反应和毒性很低。[54]Zic JA, Stricklin GP, Greer JP, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:935-945.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8959953?tool=bestpractice.com在英国,一项发表的共同声明支持在专门的治疗中心对CTCL应用ECP治疗。[55]Alfred A, Taylor PC, Dignan F, et al. The role of extracorporeal photopheresis in the management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, graft-versus-host disease and organ transplant rejection: a consensus statement update from the UK Photopheresis Society. Br J Haematol. 2017;177:287-310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.14537/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220931?tool=bestpractice.com治疗过程包括通过白细胞分离法分离单核细胞。之后这些细胞暴露于补骨脂素,通过先前口服8-甲氧基补骨脂素或目前更多的是经光分离置换机。其后,细胞暴露于UVA并回输至患者。治疗时间为连续2日,间隔2-4周重复治疗。[51]Edelson R, Berger C, Gasparro F, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Preliminary results. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:297-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3543674?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Alfred A, Taylor PC, Dignan F, et al. The role of extracorporeal photopheresis in the management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, graft-versus-host disease and organ transplant rejection: a consensus statement update from the UK Photopheresis Society. Br J Haematol. 2017;177:287-310.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.14537/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220931?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Knobler R, Jantschitsch C. Extracorporeal photochemoimmunotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Transfus Apher Sci. 2003;28:81-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12620272?tool=bestpractice.comUVA对辐射细胞有直接毒性。除此以外,回输细胞表现出促进对肿瘤细胞的选择性免疫反应。[51]Edelson R, Berger C, Gasparro F, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Preliminary results. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:297-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3543674?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Knobler R, Jantschitsch C. Extracorporeal photochemoimmunotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Transfus Apher Sci. 2003;28:81-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12620272?tool=bestpractice.com
一些研究建议对于红皮病型疾病ECP有可能是最有效的治疗方法。因此,ECP有可能被认为是此类患者的一线治疗选择。[57]Heald P, Rook A, Perez M, et al. Treatment of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:427-433.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1401279?tool=bestpractice.com此外,在CTCL患者中的一些特征被证实可能提示其对ECP治疗有高反应的可能性。包括:[56]Knobler R, Jantschitsch C. Extracorporeal photochemoimmunotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Transfus Apher Sci. 2003;28:81-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12620272?tool=bestpractice.com
病程短,最好<2年
无显著肿大的淋巴结病或主要内脏受侵
白细胞增多/白血病<200 x 10^9/ (20000/μL)
Sezary细胞表现成不连续性(10%-20%单核细胞)
自然杀伤细胞活性正常或接近正常
细胞毒性T淋巴细胞数目接近正常,然而CD8阳性T抑制细胞应高于15%
之前无强化化疗
斑块分期,占皮肤表面积不能大于10%-15%。
在一定比例的晚期和难治性Sezary综合征患者中,由于ECP治疗效果不佳,多种联合治疗方法被提出。例如有研究支持干扰素α与ECP联合治疗。[58]Rook AH, Prystowsky MB, Cassin M, et al. Combined therapy for Sezary syndrome with extracorporeal photochemotherapy and low-dose interferon alfa therapy. Clinical, molecular, and immunologic observations. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:1535-1540.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1929461?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Gottlieb SL, Wolfe JT, Fox FE, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photopheresis monotherapy and in combination with recombinant interferon alfa: a 10-year experience at a single institution. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:946-957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8959954?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Cohen JH, Lessin SR, Vowels BR, et al. The sign of Leser-Trelat in association with Sezary syndrome: simultaneous disappearance of seborrheic keratoses and malignant T-cell clone during combined therapy with photopheresis and interferon alfa. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:1213-1215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8395792?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Vonderheid EC, Bigler RD, Greenberg AS, et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis and recombinant interferon alfa 2b in Sezary syndrome. Use of dual marker labeling to monitor therapeutic response. Am J Clin Oncol. 1994;17:255-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8192114?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Olsen EA, Bunn PA. Interferon in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;9:1089-1107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8522486?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Dippel E, Schrag H, Goerdt S, et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis and interferon-alfa in advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Lancet. 1997;350:32-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9217723?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Jumbou O, N'Guyen JM, Tessier MH, et al. Long-term follow-up in 51 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome treated by interferon-alfa. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140:427-431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10233261?tool=bestpractice.com也有研究对同时使用ECP与TSEBT治疗进行探索,并显示出似乎很有前景,但仍需进一步研究证实。[65]Wilson LD, Licata AL, Braverman IM, et al. Systemic chemotherapy and extracorporeal photochemotherapy for T3 and T4 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients who have achieved a complete response to total skin electron beam therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;32:987-995.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7607973?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Wilson LD, Jones GW, Kim D, et al. Experience with total skin electron beam therapy in combination with extracorporeal photopheresis in the management of patients with erythrodermic (T4) mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:54-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10863224?tool=bestpractice.com已有研究在探索PUVA、化疗、其他细胞因子和类维生素A酸与ECP联合应用的可能性。
生物和免疫治疗
干扰素-α是不同阶段CTCL的一种行之有效的治疗手段(通常用于超出局限性斑块的疾病)。它可以先于其他全身性治疗或在全身性治疗之后使用,或与全身性治疗联合应用。已有研究报道良好的治疗反应率,一些治疗缓解时间持续>2年。[67]Bunn PA Jr, Ihde DC, Foon KA. The role of recombinant interferon alfa-2a in the therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Cancer. 1986;57:1689-1695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3485012?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Olsen EA, Rosen ST, Vollmer RT, et al. Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:395-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2783939?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究探讨干扰素α联合其他治疗方法,例如ECP,喷司他丁和氟达拉滨的治疗效果,研究结果均未显示出反应率的明显增加。[69]Foss FM, Ihde DC, Breneman DL, et al. Phase II study of pentostatin and intermittent high-dose recombinant interferon alfa-2a in advanced mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:1907-1913.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1453206?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Foss FM, Ihde DC, Linnoila IR, et al. Phase II trial of fludarabine phosphate and interferon alfa-2a in advanced mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2051-2059.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7931473?tool=bestpractice.com
贝沙罗汀,一种新型维A酸,在1999年已被批准用于治疗CTCL。口服贝沙罗汀对于持续性或难治性早期和晚期疾病均有较好疗效,已成为一个有效的全身性治疗选择。[71]Duvic M, Hymes K, Heald P, et al. Bexarotene is effective and safe for treatment of refractory advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: multinational phase II-III trial results. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2456-2471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11331325?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Duvic M, Martin AG, Kim Y, et al. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trial of oral bexarotene (Targretin capsules) for the treatment of refractory or persistent early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:581-593.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478334http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11346336?tool=bestpractice.com贝沙罗汀通过选择性与核受体视网醛X受体(RXR)家族相结合发挥作用。高甘油三脂血症及甲状腺功能减退是常见但可逆的不良反应,在贝沙罗汀治疗前可立即予降脂药物及左甲状腺素治疗。
伏立诺他 (Vorinostat) 和罗米地辛 (romidepsin) 为组蛋白脱乙酰基酶 (HDAC) 抑制剂类药物。它们可诱导组蛋白乙酰化和蛋白质乙酰化,导致下游细胞周期停滞和凋亡。[73]Carew JS, Giles FJ, Nawrocki ST. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: mechanisms of cell death and promise in combination cancer therapy. Cancer Lett. 2008;269:7-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462867?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Kim M, Thompson LA, Wenger SD, et al. Romidepsin: a histone deacetylase inhibitor for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:1340-1348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968522?tool=bestpractice.com各种 II 期临床试验证明,使用伏立诺他改善了皮损和其他症状(例如瘙痒)。[75]Olsen EA, Kim YH, Kuzel TM, et al. Phase IIb multicenter trial of vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive, or treatment refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3109-3115.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2006.10.2434http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577020?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Duvic M, Talpur R, Ni X, et al. Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood. 2007;109:31-39. [Erratum in: Blood. 2007;109:5086.]http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/1/31.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960145?tool=bestpractice.com
阿仑珠单抗 (Alemtuzumab) ,是一种抗CD52的单克隆抗体,在晚期疾病患者中取得良好疗效。一项研究显示对于晚期MF患者其总反应率为55%(其中32%达到完全缓解,23%达到部分缓解)。[77]Lundin J, Hagberg H, Repp R, et al. Phase 2 study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Blood. 2003;101:4267-4272.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/101/11/4267.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543862?tool=bestpractice.com
贝伦妥单抗-维多汀(Brentuximab vedotin) 是一种抗体-药物偶联物,可使细胞毒性药物一甲基澳瑞他汀 E (MMAE) 靶向作用于 CD30 阳性癌细胞。II 期临床试验证明,贝伦妥单抗-维多汀对 CD30 阳性 CTCL 具有高度活性。[78]Kim YH, Tavallaee M, Sundram U, et al. Phase II investigator-initiated study of brentuximab vedotin in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome with variable CD30 expression level: a multi-institution collaborative project. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3750-3758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26195720?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Duvic M, Tetzlaff MT, Gangar P, et al. Results of a phase II trial of brentuximab vedotin for CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and lymphomatoid papulosis. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3759-3765.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26261247?tool=bestpractice.com不论 CD30 状态如何,MF 患者的总体反应率为 54%。在MF患者中,开始治疗时可见发作,至出现反应的中位时间约为 12 周,在一些患者中可见持久的缓解,中位反应持续时间约为 32 周。常见的副作用包括神经病变、疲劳和药疹。[79]Duvic M, Tetzlaff MT, Gangar P, et al. Results of a phase II trial of brentuximab vedotin for CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and lymphomatoid papulosis. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3759-3765.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26261247?tool=bestpractice.com一项 III 期临床试验的对象涵盖了既往经过治疗的 CD30 阳性蕈样霉菌病或原发皮肤间变性大细胞淋巴瘤成人患者。结果发现,相比于医师选择的甲氨蝶呤或贝沙罗汀 (bexarotene, 13%),使用本妥昔单抗 (brentuximab vedotin, 56%) 后,至少持续 4 个月客观全身反应有显著改善。[80]Prince HM, Kim YH, Horwitz SM, et al. Brentuximab vedotin or physician's choice in CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (ALCANZA): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2017 Jun 6 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31266-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28600132?tool=bestpractice.com