肌张力障碍的治疗方案高度依赖于发病年龄和肌张力障碍受累的身体部分分布。
对于所有患者而言,建议定期进行物理治疗、矫正和伸展运动,以减轻疼痛并预防挛缩。 继发性肌张力障碍患者(如肝豆状核变性、帕金森病)和根本病因可治疗的患者应接受适当的病因特异性治疗。
急性肌张力障碍反应
急性发病的肌张力障碍极为罕见,在大多数情况下,这归因于服用抗多巴胺类药物。 急诊情况下的初步评估应包括气道评估。[37]Queensland Ambulance Service. Medical/acute dystonic reaction. Apr 2016 [internet publication].https://www.ambulance.qld.gov.au/docs/clinical/cpg/CPG_Acute%20dystonic%20reaction.pdf 如果在病史中发现患者曾服用这些药物,可以静脉应用苯海拉明或苯扎托品,若未见疗效,可以重复静脉应用苯海拉明或苯扎托品治疗。 某些控制不佳的全身性肌张力障碍患者的病情可能会急剧恶化,进展为重度肌张力障碍,并危及生命。 如果怀疑重叠性神经阻滞剂恶性综合征、恶性高热、血清素综合征或其他急性传染性/代谢性/中毒性精神错乱等原因,则需对因治疗。
全身性肌张力障碍
对于全身性肌张力障碍患者而言,重要的是考虑多巴胺疗法是否会有效(多巴反应性肌张力障碍;dopa-responsive dystonia, DRD);如果有效,则采用多巴胺疗法进行治疗,而非抗胆碱能类药物疗法。虽然 DRD 通常见于儿童期(DRD 在儿童期起病的肌张力障碍中的占比是 5% 至 10%),[2]Tarsy D, Simon DK. Dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 24;355(8):818-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928997?tool=bestpractice.com 但是成人也可能有反应。应考虑行试验性多巴胺治疗 (左旋多巴联合一种脱羧酶抑制剂 [卡比多巴]),以确定左旋多巴反应性(可在几天至几周内较为明显)。[38]Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Fahn S. Dopa-responsive dystonia: long-term treatment response and prognosis. Neurology. 1991 Feb;41(2 ( Pt 1)):174-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1899474?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Duvoisin RC. Dopa-responsive dystonia. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:377-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3041760?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Bandmann O, Nygaard TG, Surtees R, et al. Dopa-responsive dystonia in British patients: new mutations of the GTP-cyclohydrolase I gene and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Mar;5(3):403-6.https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/5/3/403/601854http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8852666?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:来自优质观察性定期研究的质量不佳的证据表明,多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者在接受左旋多巴治疗后,症状有所缓解。[38]Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Fahn S. Dopa-responsive dystonia: long-term treatment response and prognosis. Neurology. 1991 Feb;41(2 ( Pt 1)):174-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1899474?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Bandmann O, Nygaard TG, Surtees R, et al. Dopa-responsive dystonia in British patients: new mutations of the GTP-cyclohydrolase I gene and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Mar;5(3):403-6.https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/5/3/403/601854http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8852666?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 某些患有其他类型的肌张力障碍的患者仍可能对左旋多巴有疗效,但是疗效通常较低,较 DRD 患者需要加大剂量进行治疗。
在少数患者中,左旋多巴会使肌张力障碍病情恶化。 此外,如果服用左旋多巴至少 4 周后,肌张力障碍病情仍未缓解,则口服对症治疗须以抗胆碱能类药物疗法为主。 双盲、随机、安慰剂对照研究显示苯海索可以导致肌张力障碍的评分提高 50%。[41]Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD. Torsion dystonia: a double-blind, prospective trial of high-dosage trihexyphenidyl. Neurology. 1986 Feb;36(2):160-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3511401?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:来自 RCT 的中等质量证据表明,相比于安慰剂对照组, 苯海索可以显著缓解肌张力障碍症状。[41]Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD. Torsion dystonia: a double-blind, prospective trial of high-dosage trihexyphenidyl. Neurology. 1986 Feb;36(2):160-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3511401?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 一般认为抗胆碱能类药物对儿童的疗效要好于成人,尽管这可能归因于儿童更容易耐受更高剂量的药物。[42]Bhidayasiri R, Tarsy D. Treatment of dystonia. Exp Rev Neurotherap. 2006 Jun;6(6):863-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16784410?tool=bestpractice.com
解痉剂可作为辅助治疗药物,对于肌张力障碍患者可能具有一定疗效。尽管尚未就巴氯芬的使用进行过任何随机对照临床试验,但是已证实口服巴氯芬治疗有助于改善某些具有 DYT1 突变的肌张力障碍患者的步态。[43]Greene P. Baclofen in the treatment of dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992 Aug;15(4):276-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1516073?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:来自若干病例分析和回顾性研究的质量不佳的证据表明,口服巴氯芬治疗可以缓解肌张力障碍症状,特别是步态有明显改善。[43]Greene P. Baclofen in the treatment of dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992 Aug;15(4):276-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1516073?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 伴有痉挛的继发性肌张力障碍患者建议进行鞘内注射巴氯芬治疗,伴有脑瘫的肌张力障碍儿童患者也可以考虑鞘内注射巴氯芬治疗。[44]Roubertie A, Mariani LL, Fernandez-Alvarez E, et al. Treatment for dystonia in childhood. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Oct;19(10):1292-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289078?tool=bestpractice.com 美国脑瘫及发育医学学会发布了鞘内注射巴氯芬治疗诊断指南。[45]Butler C, Campbell S. Evidence of the effects of intrathecal baclofen for spastic and dystonic cerebral palsy. AACPDM Treatment Outcomes Committee Review Panel. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Sep;42(9):634-45.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00371.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034458?tool=bestpractice.com痉挛症状缓解:来自若干非对照病例分析研究和病例报告的质量不佳的证据表明,鞘内注射巴氯芬治疗可以缓解痉挛症状,并提高 Burke Fahn Marsden 肌张力障碍评定量表得分。[45]Butler C, Campbell S. Evidence of the effects of intrathecal baclofen for spastic and dystonic cerebral palsy. AACPDM Treatment Outcomes Committee Review Panel. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Sep;42(9):634-45.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00371.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034458?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 氯硝西泮或唑尼沙胺也可能有疗效,特别是针对肌阵挛性肌张力障碍而言。[42]Bhidayasiri R, Tarsy D. Treatment of dystonia. Exp Rev Neurotherap. 2006 Jun;6(6):863-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16784410?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Hainque E, Vidailhet M, Cozic N, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial of zonisamide in myoclonus-dystonia. Neurology. 2016 May 3;86(18):1729-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27053715?tool=bestpractice.com
局部性肌张力障碍
局部性肌张力障碍儿童和成人患者(帕金森病相关性足肌张力障碍除外)进行口服药物治疗(如苯海索和左旋多巴)的疗效往往不佳。 对孤立性足肌张力障碍成人患者仍建议进行左旋多巴试验,尤其是显现出帕金森病的细微病征时。 还应尝试进行最大耐受剂量的苯海索治疗。
肉毒杆菌毒素治疗对于许多局部性肌张力障碍都具有良好的疗效。 各种运动障碍的大量随机安慰剂对照试验早已证明肉毒杆菌毒素治疗能够有效地降低肌张力障碍的严重程度、减轻疼痛和残疾,以及提高患者生活质量。[47]Zoons E, Dijkgraaf MG, Dijk JM, et al. Botulinum toxin as treatment for focal dystonia: a systematic review of the pharmaco-therapeutic and pharmaco-economic value. J Neurol. 2012 Dec;259(12):2519-26.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-012-6510-xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552527?tool=bestpractice.com 最佳证据是肉毒杆菌毒素治疗对于颈肌张力障碍的显著疗效。[48]Charles D, Brashear A, Hauser RA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and immunogenicity of onabotulinumtoxina in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for cervical dystonia. Clinic Neuropharmacol. 2012 Sep-Oct;35(5):208-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22948497?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Colosimo C, Tiple D, Berardelli A. Efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin treatment in craniocervical dystonia: a systematic review. Neurotox Res. 2012 Nov;22(4):265-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359151?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13;(5):CD004315.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004315.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176573?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of botulinum toxin type B in people with cervical dystonia?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1331/full显示答案 一项 2016 年 Cochrane 评价得出的结论是,使用 B 型肉毒毒素与显著且与临床相关的颈部肌张力障碍减少有关。[50]Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13;(5):CD004315.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004315.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176573?tool=bestpractice.com 美国神经病学学会 (American Academy of Neurology) 制定了有关使用肉毒杆菌毒素治疗各种运动障碍(包括肌张力障碍)的治疗指南。[51]Simpson DM, Blitzer A, Brashear A, et al. Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders (an evidence-based review). Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008 May 6;70(19):1699-706.http://n.neurology.org/content/70/19/1699.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458230?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 Apr 18;86(19):1818-26.http://n.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com 一项比较 A 型肉毒杆菌毒素和安慰剂的前瞻性、双盲、安慰剂对照的临床试验结果表明,以患者选择继续进行治疗作为主要结局评估指标,接受肉毒杆菌毒素治疗的患者得到更明显的改善。[53]Kruisdijk JJ, Koelman JH, Ongerboer de Visser BW, et al. Botulinum toxin for writer's cramp: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial and 1-year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;78(3):264-70.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117645/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185301?tool=bestpractice.com 肉毒毒素有两种血清型:A 型严重程度/频率:来自随机对照试验的优质证据表明,两种不同的 A 型肉毒杆菌毒素制剂(Xeomin 和保妥适)皆可显著提高 Jankovic 评定量表得分,使其远高于基线。[54]Jankovic J. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of Xeomin in the treatment of blepharospasm. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Dec;16 Suppl 2:14-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002742?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 和 B 型。症状缓解:来自随机对照临床试验的低质量证据表明,A 型肉毒杆菌毒素和 B 型肉毒杆菌毒素在降低 TWSTRS(西多伦多医院痉挛性斜颈评定量表)得分方面的效力相同。[55]Pappert EJ, Germanson T; Myobloc/Neurobloc European Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Botulinum toxin type B vs. type A in toxin-naïve patients with cervical dystonia: randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Mar 15;23(4):510-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098274?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 剂量取决于注射肌肉的大小和使用的血清型。当考虑采用此疗法治疗颈部肌张力障碍、眼睑痉挛、痉挛性发音障碍、书写者痉挛或局灶性下肢肌张力障碍时,强烈推荐转诊至具有丰富的运动障碍治疗和肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗经验的神经科医师处。[51]Simpson DM, Blitzer A, Brashear A, et al. Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders (an evidence-based review). Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008 May 6;70(19):1699-706.http://n.neurology.org/content/70/19/1699.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458230?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 Apr 18;86(19):1818-26.http://n.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com
可将肉毒杆菌毒素注入椎旁肌治疗与帕金森病相关的一侧性轴性肌张力障碍。[29]Bonanni L, Thomas A, Varanese S, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of lateral axial dystonia in Parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2007 Oct 31;22(14):2097-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17685467?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,经皮电神经刺激(TENS)疗法已证实有助于治疗书写者痉挛,言语治疗可作为肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗的辅助疗法,有助于治疗喉肌张力障碍。[56]Delnooz CC, Horstink MW, Tijssen MA, et al. Paramedical treatment in primary dystonia: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2009 Nov 15;24(15):2187-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839012?tool=bestpractice.com
难治性全身性、节段性和局部性肌张力障碍
在口服药物治疗或肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗无法缓解肌张力障碍的病例中,苍白球内深部脑刺激(GPi DBS)治疗的使用日益广泛。
美国食品药品监督管理局批准脑深部电刺激疗法 (deep brain stimulation, DBS) 进入人道主义器械豁免项目,用于治疗原发性全身性、节段性、颈部肌张力障碍或偏侧肌张力障碍。DBS 被认为可以修复从基底节区向运动皮层输出的神经元的异常放电速率和模式。大量对照研究已证实该疗法可以提高肌张力障碍严重程度和生活质量的得分。[57]Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 3;352(5):459-67.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa042187http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689584?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Kupsch A, Benecke R, Müller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 9;355(19):1978-90.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa063618http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17093249?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Kiss ZH, Doig-Beyaert K, Eliasziw M, et al. The Canadian multicentre study of deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia. Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):2879-86.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/130/11/2879/330659http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905796?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Mueller J, Skogseid IM, Benecke R, et al. Pallidal deep brain stimulation improves quality of life in segmental and generalized dystonia: results from a prospective, randomized sham-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Jan;23(1):131-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17973330?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:来自对照研究的中等质量证据表明,脑深部电刺激可以有效提高 Burke Fahn Marsden 肌张力障碍评定量表得分、SF-36 和 TWSTRS(西多伦多医院痉挛性斜颈评定量表)的严重性、残疾和疼痛分项分数。[57]Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 3;352(5):459-67.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa042187http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689584?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Kupsch A, Benecke R, Müller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 9;355(19):1978-90.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa063618http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17093249?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Kiss ZH, Doig-Beyaert K, Eliasziw M, et al. The Canadian multicentre study of deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia. Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):2879-86.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/130/11/2879/330659http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905796?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Mueller J, Skogseid IM, Benecke R, et al. Pallidal deep brain stimulation improves quality of life in segmental and generalized dystonia: results from a prospective, randomized sham-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Jan;23(1):131-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17973330?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在一项对常规治疗难治的患者进行的随机安慰剂对照试验中,DBS 在 3 个月时减轻了患者颈部肌张力障碍的症状,但需要进一步研究以评估其长期预后。[61]Volkmann J, Mueller J, Deuschl G, et al. Pallidal neurostimulation in patients with medication-refractory cervical dystonia: a randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Sep;13(9):875-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25127231?tool=bestpractice.com 强烈建议转诊至具有丰富的 DBS 植入治疗肌张力障碍经验的神经外科治疗中心,特别是儿童患者,及早转诊可能是儿童患者取得成功治疗的一个重要因素。[62]DiFrancesco MF, Halpern CH, Hurtig HH, et al. Pediatric indications for deep brain stimulation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 Oct;28(10):1701-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828866?tool=bestpractice.com
GPi DBS 疗效有关的因素已知,包括手术前肌张力障碍的患病持续时间、DYT1 突变状态、疾病的严重程度以及肌张力障碍是原发性的,还是继发性的。[63]Isaias IU, Alterman RL, Tagliati M. Outcome predictors of pallidal stimulation in patients with primary dystonia: the role of disease duration. Brain. 2008 Jul;131(Pt 7):1895-902.https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/131/7/1895/389683http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567622?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Krauss JK, Loher TJ, Weigel R, et al. Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of non-dYT1 generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis: 2-year follow up. J Neurosurg. 2003 Apr;98(4):785-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12691403?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然数据不明确,但是有若干病例系列指出,相比继发性肌张力障碍,原发性肌张力障碍对内侧苍白球 (GPi) DBS 治疗的反应可能更具临床意义,但是迟发性肌张力障碍除外,迟发性肌张力障碍对 GPi DBS 治疗的反应非常好。[65]Starr PA, Turner RS, Rau G, et al. Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2006 Apr;104(4):488-501.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619651?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Andrews C, Aviles-Olmos I, Hariz M, et al. Which patients with dystonia benefit from deep brain stimulation? A metaregression of individual patient outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;81(12):1383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20841370?tool=bestpractice.com 近期制订用于患者选择的专家共识指南显示,当前没有足够多的证据支持根据年龄、疾病持续时间或既往消融手术纳入或排除候选人。[67]Bronte-Stewart H, Taira T, Valldeoriola F, et al. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for DBS in dystonia. Mov Disord. 2011 Jun;26 Suppl 1:S5-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21692112?tool=bestpractice.com
由于肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗和 DBS 疗法的显著疗效,当前极少采取手术苍白球切开术和背侧神经根切断术或神经支切断术来治疗致残性经肌张力障碍,因此不建议进行此类手术治疗。[68]Yoshor D, Hamilton WJ, Ondo W, et al. Comparison of thalamotomy and pallidotomy for the treatment of dystonia. Neurosurgery. 2001 Apr;48(4):818-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11322442?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Molina-Negro P, Bouvier G. Surgical treatment of spasmodic torticollis by peripheral denervation. In: Tarsy D, Vitek JL, Lozano AM, eds. Surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2003:275-86.