肌张力障碍

Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863-73.

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Tarsy D, Simon DK. Dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 24;355(8):818-29.

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Breakefield XO, Blood AJ, Li Y, et al. The pathophysiological basis of dystonias. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Mar;9(3):222-34.

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Ozelius LJ, Lubarr N, Bressman SB. Milestones in dystonia. Mov Disord. 2011 May;26(6):1106-26.

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Schrag A, Trimble M, Quinn N, et al. The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain. 2004 Oct;127(Pt 10):2360-72.

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Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Fahn S. Dopa-responsive dystonia: long-term treatment response and prognosis. Neurology. 1991 Feb;41(2 ( Pt 1)):174-81.

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Bhidayasiri R, Tarsy D. Treatment of dystonia. Exp Rev Neurotherap. 2006 Jun;6(6):863-86.

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Kupsch A, Benecke R, Müller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 9;355(19):1978-90.

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Jankovic J. Treatment of dystonia. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Oct;5(10):864-72.

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1.  Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863-73.

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2.  Tarsy D, Simon DK. Dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 24;355(8):818-29.

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16.  Jankovic J. Can peripheral trauma induce dystonia and other movement disorders? Yes! Mov Disord. 2001 Jan;16(1):7-12.

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39.  Nygaard TG, Marsden CD, Duvoisin RC. Dopa-responsive dystonia. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:377-84.

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41.  Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD. Torsion dystonia: a double-blind, prospective trial of high-dosage trihexyphenidyl. Neurology. 1986 Feb;36(2):160-4.

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43.  Greene P. Baclofen in the treatment of dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992 Aug;15(4):276-88.

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47.  Zoons E, Dijkgraaf MG, Dijk JM, et al. Botulinum toxin as treatment for focal dystonia: a systematic review of the pharmaco-therapeutic and pharmaco-economic value. J Neurol. 2012 Dec;259(12):2519-26.

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48.  Charles D, Brashear A, Hauser RA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and immunogenicity of onabotulinumtoxina in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for cervical dystonia. Clinic Neuropharmacol. 2012 Sep-Oct;35(5):208-14.

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49.  Colosimo C, Tiple D, Berardelli A. Efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin treatment in craniocervical dystonia: a systematic review. Neurotox Res. 2012 Nov;22(4):265-73.

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50.  Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13;(5):CD004315.

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52.  Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 Apr 18;86(19):1818-26.

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53.  Kruisdijk JJ, Koelman JH, Ongerboer de Visser BW, et al. Botulinum toxin for writer's cramp: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial and 1-year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;78(3):264-70.

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54.  Jankovic J. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of Xeomin in the treatment of blepharospasm. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Dec;16 Suppl 2:14-8.

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55.  Pappert EJ, Germanson T; Myobloc/Neurobloc European Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Botulinum toxin type B vs. type A in toxin-naïve patients with cervical dystonia: randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Mar 15;23(4):510-7.

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58.  Kupsch A, Benecke R, Müller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 9;355(19):1978-90.

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