OA 患者的症状性哮喘治疗应遵循有关哮喘药物管理的既定指南,例如全球哮喘防治创议 (GINA) 指南适用,[57]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/ 以及遵循避免进一步暴露于致病物质的推荐。[22]Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008;134(3 suppl):1S-41S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779187?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Beach J, Russell K, Blitz S, et al. A systematic review of the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Chest. 2007;131:569-578.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296663?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Beach J, Rowe BH, Blitz S, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2005;129:1-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK37917/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354102?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Baur X, Sigsgaard T, Aasen TB, et al; ERS Task Force on the Management of Work-related Asthma. Guidelines for the management of work-related asthma. Eur Respir J. 2012;39:529-545.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/39/3/529.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22379148?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Vandenplas O, Dressel H, Nowak D, et al; ERS Task Force on the Management of Work-related Asthma. What is the optimal management option for occupational asthma? Eur Respir Rev. 2012;21:97-104.http://err.ersjournals.com/content/21/124/97.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654081?tool=bestpractice.com 对于持续待在工作场所的患者,避免暴露的策略包括消除或替代致病因子,或重新安置远离暴露区域。如果症状严重,患者可能需要入住急诊科和/或住院,并按照急性哮喘治疗。[57]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/ 随后应遵循哮喘慢性症状指南进行随访。这些指南推荐将哮喘严重程度和控制情况看作是一个阶梯,在这个阶梯中,基于疾病的严重程度和病情控制的足够程度,可升阶或降阶哮喘药物治疗。
应为 OA 患者启动工人补偿金索赔程序。尽管已有工人赔偿计划,OA 患者仍然会遭受重大的社会经济损失,如果需要改变就业情况,这可能会妨碍人们对于避免暴露的积极性。[60]Ameille J, Descatha A. Outcome of occupational asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;5:125-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764901?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Vandenplas O, Henneberger PK. Socioeconomic outcomes in work-exacerbated asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7:236-241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489041?tool=bestpractice.com
致敏剂诱发的 OA
致敏剂诱发 OA 的早期诊断和避免进一步暴露于致病因子为康复提供了最好的机会。[22]Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008;134(3 suppl):1S-41S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779187?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Beach J, Russell K, Blitz S, et al. A systematic review of the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Chest. 2007;131:569-578.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296663?tool=bestpractice.com[62]de Groene GJ, Pal TM, Beach J, et al. Workplace interventions for treatment of occupational asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(5):CD006308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563151?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Vandenplas O, Dressel H, Wilken D, et al. Management of occupational asthma: cessation or reduction of exposure? A systematic review of available evidence. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:804-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436354?tool=bestpractice.com 由于已致敏的工人没有明确的安全暴露水平,因此推荐不要将降低暴露水平或使用呼吸防护作为有效的控制措施。[22]Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008;134(3 suppl):1S-41S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779187?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数改善往往在停止暴露后的最初两年间发生。诊断时,肺功能相对正常且症状持续时间较短的工人中,症状改善或消退的可能性更大。持续暴露的 OA 患者病情通常会恶化,且已有致病物质暴露导致 OA 患者死亡的病例报告。[22]Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008;134(3 suppl):1S-41S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779187?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Beach J, Russell K, Blitz S, et al. A systematic review of the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Chest. 2007;131:569-578.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296663?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Ameille J, Descatha A. Outcome of occupational asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;5:125-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764901?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Vandenplas O, Henneberger PK. Socioeconomic outcomes in work-exacerbated asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7:236-241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489041?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Beach J, Rowe BH, Blitz S, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2005;129:1-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK37917/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354102?tool=bestpractice.com
除脱离暴露外,早期吸入皮质类固醇治疗也可能会有益处。[22]Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008;134(3 suppl):1S-41S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779187?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Maestrelli P, De Marzo N, Saetta M, et al. Effects of inhaled beclomethasone on airway responsiveness in occupational asthma: placebo-controlled study of subjects sensitized to toluene diisocyanate. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:407-412.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8393638?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Malo JL, Cartie A, Cote J, et al. Influence of inhaled steroids on recovery from occupational asthma after cessation of exposure: an 18-month double-blind crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:953-960.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630579?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,如果工人仍继续暴露于致病物质,那么药物治疗在防止肺功能恶化方面无效。
刺激物诱发 OA
如果认为不太可能发生类似于既往引发哮喘的暴露,并且在工作中采取了防护措施,患者有可能返回相同的工作场所。患者工作的调整将取决于目前哮喘的严重程度和工作暴露情况。然而,工作中较低的刺激物暴露可能导致哮喘加重,并且可能需要预防措施以进一步减少暴露,例如有时使用呼吸器或移动至更干净的区域。[22]Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008;134(3 suppl):1S-41S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779187?tool=bestpractice.com
患者在返回工作岗位时,应对其症状、缓解吸入剂需求和肺功能(峰值流量读数)进行医学监测,发生严重哮喘或在有明显潜在哮喘诱发因素地区工作的患者可能需要改变工作内容甚至换工作。
非职业暴露控制和患者教育
与其他哮喘患者一样,应控制接触非职业相关性哮喘诱因,例如暴露于相关的常见变应原和刺激物。关于适当的暴露控制措施、药物使用以及识别缺乏哮喘控制方面的患者教育至关重要。[57]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/