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Al-Shahi R, Warlow C. A systematic review of the frequency and prognosis of arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults. Brain. 2001;124:1900-1926.

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Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:476-483.

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Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015;46:2032-2060.

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Ross J, Al-Shahi Salman R. Interventions for treating brain arteriovenous malformations in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD003436.

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1.  Brown RD Jr., Wiebers DO, Torner JC, et al. Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage as a presenting symptom and subtype analysis: a population-based study of intracranial vascular malformations in Olmsted County, Minnesota. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:29-32.

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2.  Al-Shahi R, Warlow C. A systematic review of the frequency and prognosis of arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults. Brain. 2001;124:1900-1926.

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3.  Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:476-483.

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4.  De Oliveira E, Tedeschi H, Raso J. Comprehensive management of arteriovenous malformations. Neurol Res. 1998;20:673-683.

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5.  Al-Shahi R, Fang JS, Lewis SC, et al. Prevalence of adults with brain arteriovenous malformations: a community based study in Scotland using capture-recapture analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:547-551.

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6.  Al-Shahi R, Bhattacharya JJ, Currie DG, et al. Prospective, population-based detection of intracranial vascular malformations in adults: the Scottish Intracranial Vascular Malformation Study (SIVMS). Stroke. 2003;34:1163-1169.

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14.  Yokoyama K, Asano Y, Murakawa T, et al. Familial occurrence of arteriovenous malformation of the brain. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:585-589.

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16.  Hernesniemi JA, Dashti R, Juvela S, et al. Natural history of brain arteriovenous malformations: a long-term follow-up study of risk of hemorrhage in 238 patients. Neurosurgery. 2008;63:823-829.

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17.  Mast H, Young WL, Koennecke HC, et al. Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet. 1997;350:1065-1068.

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18.  Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca RR, et al. Predictors of hemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation. Neurology. 2006;66:1350-1355.

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19.  Wedderburn CJ, van Beijnum J, Bhattacharya JJ, et al. Outcome after interventional or conservative management of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation: a prospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:223-230.

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23.  Itoyama Y, Uemura S, Ushio Y, et al. Natural course of unoperated intracranial arteriovenous malformations: study of 50 cases. J Neurosurg. 1989;71:805-809.

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24.  Spetzler RF, Hargraves RW, McCormick PW, et al. Relationship of perfusion pressure and size to risk of hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:918-923.

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25.  Arnaout OM, Gross BA, Eddleman CS, et al. Posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26:E12.

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26.  Perret G, Nishioka H. An analysis of 545 cases of cranio-cerebral arteriovenous malformations and fistulae reported to the Cooperative Study. J Neurosurg. 1966;25:467-490.

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27.  Brown RD Jr., Wiebers DO, Forbes GS. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and relationship of lesions. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:859-863.

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28.  Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015;46:2032-2060.

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29.  Horton JC, Chambers WA, Lyons SL, et al. Pregnancy and the risk of hemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 1990;27:867-871.

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32.  Toffol GJ, Biller J, Adams HP Jr. Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults. Arch Neurol. 1987;44:483-485.

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34.  Kim H, Sidney S, McCulloch CE, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in longitudinal risk of intracranial hemorrhage in brain arteriovenous malformation patients. Stroke. 2007;38:2430-2437.

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35.  Ferro JM. Update on intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol. 2006;253:985-999.

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38.  Riina HA, Gobin YP. Grading and surgical planning for intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11:e3.

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39.  Andreou A, Ioannidis I, Lalloo S, et al. Endovascular treatment of intracranial microarteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 2008;109:1091-1097.

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40.  Zhu XL, Chan MS, Poon WS. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: which patients need diagnostic cerebral angiography? A prospective study of 206 cases and review of the literature. Stroke. 1997;28:1406-1409.

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41.  Chandran A, Radon M, Biswas S, et al. Novel use of 4D-CTA in imaging of intranidal aneurysms in an acutely ruptured arteriovenous malformation: is this the way forward? J Neurointerv Surg. 2016;8:e36.

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42.  Bambakidis NC, Sunshine JL, Faulhaber PF, et al. Functional evaluation of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11:e2.

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43.  Lazar RM, Marshall RS, Pile-Spellman J, et al. Anterior translocation of language in patients with left cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neurology. 1997;49:802-808.

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44.  Lazar RM. Neuropsychological function and brain arteriovenous malformations: redefining eloquence as a risk for treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11:e4.

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45.  Willinsky RA, Taylor SM, TerBrugge K, et al. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography: prospective analysis of 2,899 procedures and review of the literature. Radiology. 2003;227:522-528.

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46.  Cloft HJ, Joseph GJ, Dion JE. Risk of cerebral angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 1999;30:317-320.

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47.  van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Beute GN. Brain AVM embolization with Onyx. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:172-177.

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48.  Douglas JG, Goodkin R. Treatment of arteriovenous malformations using gamma knife surgery: the experience at the University of Washington from 2000 to 2005. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(suppl):51-56.

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49.  Sirin S, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, et al. Prospective staged volume radiosurgery for large arteriovenous malformations: indications and outcomes in otherwise untreatable patients. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(suppl 2):744-754.

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50.  Mohr JP, Parides MK, Stapf C, et al. Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:614-621.

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51.  Guo Y, Saunders T, Su H, et al; University of California, San Francisco Brain Arteriovenous Malformation (UCSF bAVM) Study Project. Silent intralesional microhemorrhage as a risk factor for brain arteriovenous malformation rupture. Stroke. 2012;43:1240-1246.

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52.  Abla AA, Nelson J, Kim H, et al. Silent arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage and the recognition of "unruptured" arteriovenous malformation patients who benefit from surgical intervention. Neurosurgery. 2015;76:592-600.

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53.  Choi JH, Mast H, Sciacca RR, et al. Clinical outcome after first and recurrent hemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation. Stroke. 2006;37:1243-1247.

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54.  Hartmann A, Mast H, Mohr JP, et al. Morbidity of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Stroke. 1998;29:931-934.

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55.  Ross J, Al-Shahi Salman R. Interventions for treating brain arteriovenous malformations in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD003436.

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56.  Perrini P, Scollato A, Cellerini M, et al. Results of surgical and endovascular treatment of intracranial micro-arteriovenous malformations with emphasis on superselective angiography. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004;146:755-766.

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