儿童弱视应该治疗,青少年弱视考虑治疗。治疗的目标是最大限度提高视力和尽可能的恢复正常视力。它的两个基本原则是:[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: amblyopia. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2012.https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/amblyopia-ppp--september-2012
有许多随机对照试验比较不同的治疗方式和方案。来自这些研究中的证据:
支持在治疗很多类型弱视中光学矫正的重要性。[32]Chen PL, Chen JT, Tai MC, et al. Anisometropic amblyopia treated with spectacle correction alone: possible factors predicting success and time to start patching. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:54-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113556?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Cotter SA, Edwards AR, Wallace DK, et al. Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:895-903.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16751032http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751032?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Wallace DK, Chandler DL, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of bilateral refractive amblyopia in children three to less than 10 years of age. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:487-496.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17707330http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17707330?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:268-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879129?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:603-611.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742836?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Wallace DK, Edwards AR, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:904-912.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16751033http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751033?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, et al. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;335:707.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7622/707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17855283?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Menon V, Shailesh G, Sharma P, et al. Clinical trial of patching versus atropine penalization for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in older children. J AAPOS. 2008;12:493-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534880?tool=bestpractice.com如果有显著的屈光不正,所有类型的弱视都需要光学矫正。
推荐的每日遮盖时间少于传统的遮盖时间。[36]Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:603-611.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742836?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, et al. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;335:707.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7622/707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17855283?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Holmes JM, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of prescribed patching regimens for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:2075-2087.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597512?tool=bestpractice.com只有阻挡视力较好眼睛的所有视觉输入,遮盖才起作用。
对于轻度到中度弱视的最初治疗中,遮盖和阿托品压抑治疗法效果等同。[35]Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:268-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879129?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Menon V, Shailesh G, Sharma P, et al. Clinical trial of patching versus atropine penalization for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in older children. J AAPOS. 2008;12:493-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534880?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1039-1044.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695096?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, Kraker RT, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Patching vs atropine to treat amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years: a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1634-1642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064841?tool=bestpractice.com阿托品压抑法是通过让视力较好的眼睛看不清楚而起作用。
具体的治疗方案取决于孩子的年龄和弱视亚型和严重程度。相对于7至13岁的儿童,小于7岁的儿童弱视治疗更有效果。[43]Holmes JM, Lazar EL, Melia BM, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Effect of age on response to amblyopia treatment in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:1451-1457.http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1106477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21746970?tool=bestpractice.com尽管针对每个儿童个体的弱视治疗有许多细微差别,但下面是一般的指导方针:
轻中度斜视性和/或轻中度屈光参差性弱视(视力好于20/100)
如果有显著的屈光不正,所有类型的弱视都需要光学矫正。对轻中度屈光参差性(双眼屈光不正不相等)弱视,一线治疗可以仅为戴眼镜治疗。屈光参差性弱视以单独戴镜作为初始治疗:中等质量证据表明单独戴镜对于3-<7岁弱视屈光参差性弱视患儿是最佳治疗方法。然而,中度至重度屈光参差性弱视儿童(基线视力较低或者屈光参差程度较高)有可能需要额外的后续治疗。[32]Chen PL, Chen JT, Tai MC, et al. Anisometropic amblyopia treated with spectacle correction alone: possible factors predicting success and time to start patching. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:54-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113556?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Cotter SA, Edwards AR, Wallace DK, et al. Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:895-903.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16751032http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751032?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。对年幼儿童弱视治疗给予处方眼镜的指导,依赖于患者的年龄和其他危险因素。除其他治疗外,医生应意识到坚持佩戴眼镜的重要性,特别是在仅进行光学治疗期间,因为已发现对佩戴眼镜的依从性有很大差异且会影响视觉结果。[44]Maconachie GD, Farooq S, Bush G, et al. Association between adherence to glasses wearing during amblyopia treatment and improvement in visual acuity. J AMA Ophthalmol. 2016 Oct 13 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737444?tool=bestpractice.com
如果单独用眼镜不能解决弱视,那么遮盖或阿托品是可接受的另一个额外治疗方式。在遮盖和阿托品治疗前,可让视力改善至达到稳定期。需要进一步的研究,以确定应何时实施额外治疗。决定需要用哪一种额外治疗应和父母商量。
遮盖
遮盖被用于阻挡视力较好的眼睛。通常直接贴到眼周皮肤。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 戴镜和遮盖治疗弱视由Tina Rutar, MD 提供 [Citation ends].也可贴于眼镜上,虽然儿童仍然可以看到周边。一项研究发现对轻度至重度斜视性和/或屈光参差性弱视的儿童(3-7岁),与仅仅持续戴眼镜治疗相比,每日遮盖2小时效果更好。戴镜治疗 16 周后,无进行性改善且有残余弱视的儿童的视力改善情况:中等质量证据表明,每日对 3-7 岁轻到重度斜视性和/或屈光参差性弱视患儿戴镜加遮盖 2 小时可平均提高视力 1.1 行,相比于单独戴镜组提高 0.5 行。轻、中、重度弱视疗效提高结果相近。[37]Wallace DK, Edwards AR, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:904-912.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16751033http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751033?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。现已确认,对于儿童残余性弱视,一旦仅通过戴镜已使视力稳定,戴镜加上遮盖将更加有益。遮盖持续不同时间的效果已进行过比较。在这一组中,每日遮盖2小时与每日遮盖6小时相比,经过4个月后效果相同。中度弱视患儿每日遮盖 2 小时和每日遮盖 6 小时治疗的视力改善效果对比:中等质量证据表明,每日遮盖 6 小时与每日遮盖 2 小时对于治疗中度弱视的效果并无不同。[36]Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:603-611.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742836?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
在解释这个试验结果时,遮盖的依从性是一个需要考虑的重要问题。治疗前视力差与遮盖依从性差有一定相关性。[45]Awan M, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. A randomized controlled trial of unilateral strabismic and mixed amblyopia using occlusion dose monitors to record compliance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:1435-1439.http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/46/4/1435http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790912?tool=bestpractice.com有证据表明,实际遮盖时间与弱视治疗效果间有剂量反应关系。[38]Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, et al. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;335:707.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7622/707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17855283?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Awan M, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. A randomized controlled trial of unilateral strabismic and mixed amblyopia using occlusion dose monitors to record compliance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:1435-1439.http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/46/4/1435http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790912?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Stewart CE, Moseley MJ, Stephens DA, et al. Treatment dose-response in amblyopia therapy: the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3048-3054.http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/45/9/3048http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326120?tool=bestpractice.com在一项随机试验中,将每日遮盖量增加至 6 小时可使每日接受 2 小时遮盖但视力已停止改善的患者视力获得更大改善。[47]Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Holmes JM, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of increasing patching for amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2270-2277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833469/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755872?tool=bestpractice.com一项对比接受 6 小时遮盖与接受 12 小时遮盖的试验显示,两治疗组中任一组接受的遮盖量无显著差异。[38]Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, et al. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;335:707.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7622/707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17855283?tool=bestpractice.com研究结果表明,每日实际接受遮盖达 4 至 5 小时存在剂量反应关系,尽管大龄儿童(尤其是 6 岁以上儿童)比年幼儿童需要更多的遮盖。[38]Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, et al. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;335:707.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7622/707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17855283?tool=bestpractice.comRCT 显示了使用干预性资料的益处,这些材料改善了依从性不良受试者以及父母非本地(所在国语言表达能力较差)的儿童的治疗依从性。[48]Tjiam AM, Holtslag G, Van Minderhout HM, et al. Randomised comparison of three tools for improving compliance with occlusion therapy: an educational cartoon story, a reward calendar, and an information leaflet for parents. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251:321-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820813?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Pradeep A, Proudlock FA, Awan M, et al. An educational intervention to improve adherence to high-dosage patching regimen for amblyopia: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:865-870.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615684?tool=bestpractice.com
阿托品疗法
阿托品滴眼液使视力较好眼睛视物模糊(阿托品或光学压抑治疗)有时候作为遮盖治疗的一个替代治疗。遮盖和阿托品压抑治疗效果相同,治疗后的视力提高可长期维持。对3-6岁轻到中度的斜视性和/或轻到中度的屈光参差性弱视进行遮盖(由医生决定遮盖方法,初次最大每日6小时根据治疗反应逐渐减量)和阿托品压抑疗法(健眼每日1滴)对提高视力疗效的对比中,有高质量的证据表明,两者效果相近。遮盖可获得更快的初始反应,但是 6 个月后,两组的视力均改善约 3 行。弱视眼视力改善保持至 10 岁,此时两组间视力仍无差异。[35]Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:268-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879129?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1039-1044.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695096?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。对不同阿托品治疗方案进行了比较。每日使用阿托品和仅在周末使用阿托品的治疗效果相同。
阿托品压抑眼的平光镜治疗
其他光学压抑抑制治疗
使用比患者的屈光不正状态更高度数的眼镜可以使得眼睛被抑制。这主要是产生了看远时的远视性视物模糊所致。一项为期6个月的针对2-10岁轻度斜视性和/或屈光参差性弱视患儿健眼进行每周2次阿托品和全天佩戴过矫正镜的随机临床试验表明前者治疗效果更好。[51]Tejedor J, Ogallar C. Comparative efficacy of penalization methods in moderate to mild amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145:562-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207121?tool=bestpractice.com然而本研究所加屈光度数较小。因针对此的临床证据有限,该方法并不特别推荐。实践中,该方法可用于以下患者:拒绝接受遮盖的患者;或者对阿托品不耐受但接受佩戴眼镜或隐形眼镜结合光学压抑治疗的患者。
进行弱视治疗后,仍有明显斜视的患者可行斜视手术。
严重的斜视性和/或屈光参差性弱视(视力低于20/100)
如果有任何显著的屈光不正,所有类型的弱视均需要光学矫正。伴有严重斜视和/或屈光参差性弱视的儿童还要附加治疗。屈光参差性弱视以单独戴镜作为初始治疗:中等质量证据表明单独戴镜对于3-<7岁弱视屈光参差性弱视患儿是最佳治疗方法。然而,中度至重度屈光参差性弱视儿童(基线视力较低或者屈光参差程度较高)有可能需要额外的后续治疗。[32]Chen PL, Chen JT, Tai MC, et al. Anisometropic amblyopia treated with spectacle correction alone: possible factors predicting success and time to start patching. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:54-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113556?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Cotter SA, Edwards AR, Wallace DK, et al. Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:895-903.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16751032http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751032?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。遮盖是一种较为传统的治疗方式,最新研究提示阿托品疗法也同样有效。[52]Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of severe amblyopia with weekend atropine: results from two randomized clinical trials. J AAPOS. 2009;13:258-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541265?tool=bestpractice.com
在戴镜后矫正视力稳定之后,加上遮盖治疗会使视力提高更快。戴镜治疗 16 周后,无进行性改善且有残余弱视的儿童的视力改善情况:中等质量证据表明,每日对 3-7 岁轻到重度斜视性和/或屈光参差性弱视患儿戴镜加遮盖 2 小时可平均提高视力 1.1 行,相比于单独戴镜组提高 0.5 行。轻、中、重度弱视疗效提高结果相近。[37]Wallace DK, Edwards AR, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:904-912.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16751033http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751033?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。我们发现每日遮盖6小时和持续遮盖一整天效果相近。重度弱视每日遮盖 6 小时和全天遮盖治疗的视力改善效果对比:中等质量证据表明,全天遮盖治疗与每日遮盖 6 小时对于治疗重度弱视的视力提高效果并无不同。两组在治疗4个月后视力均提高了4.7-4.8行。[40]Holmes JM, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of prescribed patching regimens for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:2075-2087.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597512?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。患儿依从性也需要考虑到治疗方案中。每日遮盖2小时虽然达不到强制长时间遮盖的效果,但是也可以提高弱视患儿的视力,[53]Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of near versus distance activities while patching for amblyopia in children aged 3 to less than 7 years. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:2071-2078.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789533?tool=bestpractice.com在更多的针对重度弱视患儿比较每日2小时和每日6小时遮盖的临床试验开展之前,对重度弱视的初始治疗选择6小时遮盖较为合理。[53]Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of near versus distance activities while patching for amblyopia in children aged 3 to less than 7 years. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:2071-2078.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789533?tool=bestpractice.com
进行弱视治疗后,仍有明显斜视的患者可行斜视手术。
双眼屈光不正性弱视
一项前瞻性研究评估了3-9岁双眼屈光不正(双眼屈光不正度数相近)的弱视患儿进行戴镜治疗1年的效果。研究显示双眼最佳矫正视力从平均20/63提高到20/25。[34]Wallace DK, Chandler DL, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of bilateral refractive amblyopia in children three to less than 10 years of age. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:487-496.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17707330http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17707330?tool=bestpractice.com此研究验证单纯戴镜可治愈屈光不正性弱视。
形觉剥夺性弱视
导致弱视的原因为视轴遮挡(例如角膜混浊、白内障、未清除的玻璃体出血或严重的上睑下垂)时,建议尽早进行手术。与单眼形觉剥夺不同,如果双眼形觉剥夺,手术时机可稍晚。形觉剥夺性弱视可伴有其他种类的弱视,包括屈光参差性弱视和斜视性弱视。治疗应将这些因素和去除遮挡屈光间质因素一并考虑。
为了最大限度地提高视力结果,双眼先天性白内障患儿应在 14 周龄前或更早进行手术,[54]Birch EE, Cheng C, Stager DR Jr, et al. The critical period for surgical treatment of dense congenital bilateral cataracts. J AAPOS. 2009;13:67-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19084444?tool=bestpractice.com而单眼先天性白内障患儿应在 6 周龄前进行手术。[55]Birch EE, Stager DR. The critical period for surgical treatment of dense congenital unilateral cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:1532-1538.http://www.iovs.org/cgi/reprint/37/8/1532http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8675395?tool=bestpractice.com单眼先天性白内障或其他原因造成的单眼或双眼程度不等的弱视需要附加遮盖治疗。
残余的斜视性或屈光参差性弱视
斜视性或屈光参差性中度弱视进行戴镜和每日2小时的遮盖治疗后,有些患者会有残余弱视。一项随机临床对照研究表明针对这种残余弱视,每日将遮盖时间从2小时提高到6小时更为有效。每日持续遮盖增加到6小时比遮盖仍然为2小时更为有效,前者平均视力提高1.2行而后者为0.5行。[47]Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Holmes JM, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of increasing patching for amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2270-2277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833469/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755872?tool=bestpractice.com这项研究同时也对每日遮盖2小时的治疗是否真的足够或是否能作为中度斜视和屈光参差性弱视的最佳选择提出了质疑。
难治性弱视(依从性差的患者)
对于依从性差的患者采用药物或手术将健眼短暂闭合是一种积极的治疗方法。具体包括缝线、生物胶及提上睑肌肉毒毒素注射。[56]Hakim, OM, Gaber El-Hag Y, Samir A. Silicone-eyelid closure to improve vision in deeply amblyopic eyes. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010;47:157-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210278?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Arnold RW, Armitage MD, Limstrom SA. Sutured protective occluder for severe amblyopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:891-895.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18625933?tool=bestpractice.com然而患儿的照护者会考虑到弱视治疗需要麻醉且对患儿外观和心理产生影响,因而对上述方法采取迟疑态度。可采用创伤性更小的其他方法来改善依从性,包括使用干预性资料,如动画片或资料册。RCT 显示了使用干预性资料的益处,这些材料改善了依从性不良受试者以及父母非本地(所在国语言表达能力较差)的儿童的治疗依从性。[48]Tjiam AM, Holtslag G, Van Minderhout HM, et al. Randomised comparison of three tools for improving compliance with occlusion therapy: an educational cartoon story, a reward calendar, and an information leaflet for parents. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251:321-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820813?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Pradeep A, Proudlock FA, Awan M, et al. An educational intervention to improve adherence to high-dosage patching regimen for amblyopia: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:865-870.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615684?tool=bestpractice.com
大龄儿童(>7岁)
虽然7岁以下儿童对弱视训练效果更为敏感,然而也有相当一部分大龄儿童(7-12岁)通过戴镜、阿托品、遮盖治疗可提高视力并长期保持。接受弱视治疗的大龄儿童(7-17 岁)的视力改善情况:有高质量证据表明,弱视治疗在约一半 7-12 岁的患儿中有轻微的视力改善效果,而在大多数 13-17 岁患儿中则基本无效。且治疗结束1年后82%有效的7-12岁患儿治疗效果仍可保持。[58]Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:437-447.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824215?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Hertle RW, Scheiman MM, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Stability of visual acuity improvement following discontinuation of amblyopia treatment in children aged 7 to 12 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:655-659.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614923/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502505?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。大龄儿童的治疗策略和低龄儿童大体一致,具体方案可能有所调整。在7-12岁轻到中度弱视患儿中比较了遮盖(最初每日2小时,如无反应则增加至每日4小时)和周末点用阿托品(如无反应增加到每日点用)的疗效。经过为期4个月的治疗后,结果显示两组治疗效果相近,视力提高1.5行。[42]Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, Kraker RT, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Patching vs atropine to treat amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years: a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1634-1642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064841?tool=bestpractice.com
在患有屈光参差性弱视且视力为 20/40 至 20/200 的 8-20 岁患者中比较了全天遮盖与每日接受阿托品治疗的情况。患者最初接受 6 周戴镜矫正治疗。经过 6 个月的治疗后,两组视力改善 2.3 至 2.4 行。[39]Menon V, Shailesh G, Sharma P, et al. Clinical trial of patching versus atropine penalization for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in older children. J AAPOS. 2008;12:493-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534880?tool=bestpractice.com
视觉治疗,眼部锻炼和特殊治疗
虽然美国视光协会 (American Optometric Association) 推荐视觉治疗作为弱视的一种治疗方法,[60]American Optometric Association. Care of the patient with amblyopia. 2004. http://www.aoa.org (last accessed 6 December 2016).http://www.aoa.org/documents/optometrists/CPG-4.pdf但目前没有足够的证据推荐视觉治疗或眼保健操来治疗弱视。[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: amblyopia. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2012.https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/amblyopia-ppp--september-2012[61]Chen PL, Chen JT, Fu JJ, et al. A pilot study of anisometropic amblyopia improved in adults and children by perceptual learning: an alternative treatment to patching. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008;28:422-428.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18761479?tool=bestpractice.com另外,研究结果表明,弱视患儿在遮盖期间没有必要进行特殊弱视训练,例如着色绘图、读书及电脑视频游戏。近距离视觉活动对弱视治疗结果的影响(视力提高效果):高质量证据表明,遮盖非弱视眼时进行的视觉任务的类型不影响弱视治疗效果。遮盖健眼后患眼近距离视物(画画,视频游戏)和远距离视物对于治疗效果没有差别。[53]Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of near versus distance activities while patching for amblyopia in children aged 3 to less than 7 years. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:2071-2078.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789533?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。