在发展中国家,大多数细菌性痢疾病例都是轻度自限性的。对于一些更严重的病例,在进行营养支持和抗生素治疗的同时,补液治疗也有重要作用。[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf[12]King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52:1-16.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14627948?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Feb 1;32(3):331-51.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/3/331.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11170940?tool=bestpractice.com[20]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in under 5s: diagnosis and management. 2011. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg84对于这些病例,抗生素治疗可改善症状、控制感染,并限制疾病传播。[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf
补液疗法
尽管细菌性痢疾通常腹泻量较少,患者偶尔也会出现血容量不足。这更常见于儿童,而且也见于发生呕吐时。
对于轻中度血容量不足,可使用经过审批的口服补液制剂 (oral rehydration solution, ORS) 进行口服补液来治疗志贺氏杆菌痢疾。建议补液后继续采用 ORS 维持治疗以确保水化状态。
对于呕吐或严重血容量不足的患者,最初可能需要静脉补液治疗。建议补液后继续采用 ORS 进行维持治疗。如果患者无法口服饮用,当不再需要静脉补液,患者也不再呕吐时,可以通过鼻饲管进行补液。
使用经过审批的 ORS 进行口服补液比使用其他饮料更安全,其他饮料可能浓度过高,且碳水化合物和电解质浓度也不适宜。自制制剂可能同样存在问题,因为可能会发生错误。世界卫生组织建议对所有年龄组的腹泻均采用低渗性 ORS 配方。[21]UNICEF/WHO. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. 2009. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf
早期营养支持
已发现这可改善治疗结果,尤其是在营养不良的情况下。连续喂养可促进康复。少食多餐,并应给患者提供经常食用的富含能量和蛋白质的食物。母乳喂养的婴幼儿应继续根据其需要安排哺乳的频率和时间。[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf
已经证明,在食物中添加未成熟的香蕉可缩短超过 6 月龄的幼儿的细菌性痢疾症状的持续时间(可能是因为未成熟的香蕉中不易消化的淀粉增加了结肠中短链脂肪酸的产生)。[22]Rabbani GH, Ahmed S, Hossain I, et al. Green banana reduces clinical severity of childhood shigellosis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:420-425.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19319017?tool=bestpractice.com在发展中国家,世界卫生组织建议对患急性腹泻的 6 岁以下儿童补充 10 到 14 天的锌。[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of oral zinc to treat acute diarrhea in children?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1546/full显示答案 世界卫生组织还建议补充维生素 A。[21]UNICEF/WHO. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. 2009. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf
健康教育和感染控制措施
应向所有患者提供有关个人卫生、食物和饮用水的信息。还应明确指示门诊患者如何对服装、个人物品和他们当前的环境进行消毒。
抗生素
建议对所有出血性腹泻及腹部绞痛病例采用抗生素治疗。还建议对老年人、营养不良者或免疫功能受损者进行抗生素治疗。[8]Yates J. Traveler's diarrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:2095-2100.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050601/2095.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15952437?tool=bestpractice.com[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf[17]Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Feb 1;32(3):331-51.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/3/331.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11170940?tool=bestpractice.com一项 Cochrane 综述发现抗生素可缩短志贺氏杆菌痢疾患者的腹泻持续时间。[23]Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(8):CD006784.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687081?tool=bestpractice.com
对于肠出血性大肠杆菌(O157 菌株)所引起的痢疾,抗生素可能会引起或加重溶血性尿毒综合征,因此除非患者出现脓毒症,应尽量避免使用抗生素。它是一个难以诊断和治疗的问题,如果有怀疑,则需要传染病专家和其他专家会诊。在这些情况下,粪便显微镜检和粪便培养作为一线检查是非常重要的。
如果分离到志贺氏杆菌菌种,则应对患有全身性疾病和免疫功能受损的患者进行治疗。为了减少疾病传播,也应治疗受感染的食物处理人员、医疗卫生工作人员、托儿所的儿童以及机构中的患者。如果不治疗,患者虽然康复,但他们可能会在长达 6 周的时间内继续在粪便中排出病原体。对于所有已经确诊或疑似志贺氏杆菌感染的痢疾的患者均应进行抗生素治疗。[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf然而,抗生素耐药性问题受到日益广泛的关注。
随着耐药性的增加,通常不再建议阿莫西林、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑、氯霉素和萘啶酸。使用萘啶酸也可能造成环丙沙星耐药性的产生。[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf
一线治疗药物的选择取决于当地患者对药物的敏感性。尽管现行世界卫生组织的建议是对成人和儿童均使用喹诺酮类药物(环丙沙星或诺氟沙星)作为一线治疗药物,[11]World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43252/1/924159330X.pdf但耐药性的快速出现是一个大问题,尤其是在印度和中国。[24]Srinivasa H, Baijayanti M, Raksha Y. Magnitude of drug resistant Shigellosis: a report from Bangalore. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009;27:358-360.http://www.ijmm.org/article.asp?issn=0255-0857;year=2009;volume=27;issue=4;spage=358;epage=360;aulast=Srinivasahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19736408?tool=bestpractice.com因此,有亚洲旅行史的患者出现对喹诺酮类药物耐药的感染风险增高。[25]Folster JP, Pecic G, Bowen A, et al. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among Shigella isolates in the United States, 2006 to 2009. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:1758-1760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220535?tool=bestpractice.com阿奇霉素(一种第三代头孢菌素)或匹美西林可能更合适。然而,随之而来的一个问题是,出现了产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶的志贺氏杆菌菌株,特别是同时也对喹诺酮类耐药的菌株。[26]Zhang W, Luo Y, Li J, et al. Wide dissemination of multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates in China. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:2527-2535.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/11/2527.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21859815?tool=bestpractice.com喹诺酮类已经广泛应用于儿童,并被认为用来治疗重症患者是合理的。妊娠是使用喹诺酮类药物的禁忌症。
对于志贺氏杆菌感染的儿童,加替沙星,一种第四代喹诺酮类药物,似乎并不比环丙沙星更有效。[27]Vinh H, Anh VT, Anh ND, et al. A multi-center randomized trial to assess the efficacy of gatifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of shigellosis in Vietnamese children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1264.http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001264http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829747?tool=bestpractice.com由于加替沙星的使用也与血糖控制干扰有关,因此不建议对糖尿病患者使用加替沙星。FDA alert: gatifloxacin (marketed as Tequin) information由于这一副作用,目前在许多国家还没有使用它。
如果需要进行经验性治疗,一旦获得药物敏感性数据,应及时调整抗生素使用,以防止产生耐药性。如果开始时使用了正确的抗生素,但患者仍难以治愈,则应进行进一步的细菌培养以排除其他病原体感染,或应考虑其他诊断。
辅助治疗
通常不推荐解痉剂。[28]Costello AM, Bhutta TI. Antidiarrhoeal drugs for acute diarrhoea in children. BMJ. 1992;304:1-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1880907/pdf/bmj00054-0005.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1734983?tool=bestpractice.com不应使用止泻药物,因为担心它们可能会引起肠道中毒性扩张。如果有发热和/或疼痛,应给予对症治疗。在发展中国家,建议对 6 岁以下儿童补锌,但对 6 个月以下的幼儿可能没有益处。[29]Lazzerini M, Ronfani L. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD005436.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005436.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440801?tool=bestpractice.com