错乱觉醒:据报道错乱觉醒的终生患病率达 18.5%。[11]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.这种情况通常发生在年龄小于 5 岁儿童中,年长儿童较为少见(在成人中错乱觉醒的患病率仅约为 4%)。[13]Ohayon M, Guilleminault C, Priest RG. Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousal in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:268-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221293?tool=bestpractice.com特发性的错乱觉醒存在着明显的遗传性。
梦游:在普通人群中患病率在 1%-40% 之间。[11]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.梦游可以在孩子刚学会走路就发生,但在儿童中最常见的是在 4-8 岁之间。[13]Ohayon M, Guilleminault C, Priest RG. Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousal in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:268-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221293?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Klackenberg G. Somnambulism in childhood - prevalence, course and behavioral correlations. A prospective longitudinal study (6-16 years). Acta Paediatr Scand. 1982;71:495-499.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7136663?tool=bestpractice.com随着年龄增长,尤其在青壮年期后,梦游的发生极大程度地减少。[15]Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, et al. A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. 1. Physiological aspects of the stage 4 night terror. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1973;157:75-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4353404?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, et al. A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. 3. Mental content and recall of stage 4 night terrors. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1974;158:174-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4361091?tool=bestpractice.com
夜惊:在 4-12 岁儿童中患病率约 3%。[17]Crisp AH. The sleepwalking/night terrors syndrome in adults. Postgrad Med J. 1996;72:599-604.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2398608&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8977941?tool=bestpractice.com间断性夜惊在小于 5 岁的儿童中患病率可能高达 25%。[11]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.尽管任何年龄都可能发生,夜惊仍然在性成熟前期的儿童中最为常见。[17]Crisp AH. The sleepwalking/night terrors syndrome in adults. Postgrad Med J. 1996;72:599-604.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2398608&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8977941?tool=bestpractice.com
睡眠相关进食障碍:根据自主进行的调查问卷,进食障碍住院患者组中有 16.7%、进食障碍门诊患者中有 8.7% 及随机挑选大学生中 4.6% 符合标准。[11]American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
梦魇:对普通人群中梦魇的发生频率并没有统一定论。高峰发生年龄为 3-6 岁期间。[18]Leung AK, Robson WL. Nightmares. J Natl Med Assoc. 1993;85:233-235.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2571879&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8474139?tool=bestpractice.com高达 75% 的人群能够记得至少一次童年期间的梦魇。在纵向样本中,儿童频繁发生梦魇的发病率从 2.5%(如使用父母估测数据计算)至 3.5%(如使用儿童自己估测数据计算)不等。[19]Schredl M, Fricke-Oerkermann L, Mitschke A, et al. Longitudinal study of nightmares in children: stability and effect of emotional symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2009;40:439-449.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19280336?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性孤立性睡眠瘫痪:一项墨西哥的研究考察了青少年睡眠瘫痪的患病率和特点,结果显示平均年龄为 15.9 患病率为 27.6%。[20]Jimenez-Genchi A, Avila-Rodriguez VM, Sanchez-Rojas F, et al. Sleep paralysis in adolescents: the 'a dead body climbed on top of me' phenomenon in Mexico. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63;546-549.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19496997?tool=bestpractice.com
快速眼动睡眠行为障碍 (RBD):RBD 曾经被认为仅发生在成人当中,现在也出现在儿童和青少年中。[21]Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, et al. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8:784-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569582?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Stores G. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50:728-732.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03071.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834385?tool=bestpractice.com儿童中这非常罕见,但是其发生可能与发作性睡病,癫痫以及抗抑郁药物的使用有关。[21]Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, et al. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8:784-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569582?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Stores G. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50:728-732.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03071.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834385?tool=bestpractice.com普通人群中睡眠期间发生暴力行为的总体患病率估计为 2%(年龄在 15 岁至 100 岁之间),在这些行为中,约有 25% 可能是由于快速眼动睡眠行为障碍 (RBD),也就是这种障碍的总患病率为 0.5%。[23]Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG. Violent behavior during sleep. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:369-376.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9515980?tool=bestpractice.com