目前并没法发现单一病因的存在,但生活中不断累积的微小负性生活应激、[16]Brantley PJ, Mehan DJ Jr, Ames SC, et al. Minor stressors and generalized anxiety disorders among low income patients attending primary care clinics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1999 Jul;187(7):435-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10426464?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Lau AW, Edelstein BA, Larkin KT. Psychophysiological arousal in older adults: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001 Jun;21(4):609-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11413869?tool=bestpractice.com 躯体或情感创伤的出现,[18]Brown ES, Fulton MK, Wilkeson A, et al. The psychiatric sequelae of civilian trauma. Compr Psychiatry. 2000 Jan-Feb;41(1):19-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10646614?tool=bestpractice.com 以及遗传因素都可能对发病产生影响。母亲和父亲的养育方式与5岁以下儿童随之而来的焦虑风险之间可能存在微小关联;特别是,有一些证据表明,一种被称为“挑战性养育”的方式(包括鼓励儿童突破极限)似乎与父亲采用后儿童焦虑风险的降低有关,而母亲则不然。[19]Möller EL, Nikolić M, Majdandžić M, et al. Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:17-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26978324?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇系统综述发现青年遭遇校园霸凌或被同伴欺负,与发病率增加相关。[20]Hawker DSJ, Boulton MJ. Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000 May;41(4):441-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836674?tool=bestpractice.com 在一篇包括5项病例对照研究的综述中,有4项研究提示正在经历生活创伤的人相对未经历创伤的对照组发病比率更高。[18]Brown ES, Fulton MK, Wilkeson A, et al. The psychiatric sequelae of civilian trauma. Compr Psychiatry. 2000 Jan-Feb;41(1):19-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10646614?tool=bestpractice.com 另一篇系统综述报道了一个十分显著的数字,即患者与一级亲属发病的比值比为6.1。[21]Hettema JM, Neale NC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1568-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578982?tool=bestpractice.com 一项包括35对双生子和家系研究的综述发现其他焦虑障碍和抑郁发病存在显著的相关,提示这两种疾病之间可能存在共同的遗传因素。[22]Middeldorf CM, Cath CD, Van Dyck R, et al. The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the perspective of genetic epidemiology: a review of twin and family studies. Psychol Med. 2005 May;35(5):611-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15918338?tool=bestpractice.com
已发现与广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)相关的若干遗传因素; 令人兴奋的发现包括,在8号染色体上发现单核苷酸多态性的倒位多态性,提示与焦虑症表型的扩展性遗传相关性,以及在5-羟色胺能和儿茶酚胺能系统中已被识别的诸多潜在GAD易感基因。[23]Gottschalk MG, Domschke K. Genetics of generalized anxiety disorder and related traits. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jun;19(2):159-68.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573560/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28867940?tool=bestpractice.com 今后,该类研究有望为患者开发个性化预防和治疗方法提供帮助。