广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)的主要治疗目标是改善焦虑症状,以及改善或消除功能受损。
GAD 符合 DSM-5 诊断标准
让患者及对其有重要意义的人士参与初步治疗的选择。[35]Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;52(12):1109-72.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867418799453 药物治疗和心理治疗是 GAD 的合理治疗方法,均被认为是一线治疗选择,也可以同时采用。
心理治疗和其他非药物治疗
心理治疗(面对面或通过远程方式进行)对于不能耐受或不愿服用药物的患者极为受用。认知行为疗法 (CBT)和认知疗法(CT)被认为是 GAD 的同等治疗选择。此类技术可以帮助患者对焦虑习惯建立个体化反应,对以后的广泛焦虑可能特别有帮助。[36]Pinquart M, Duberstein PR. Treatment of anxiety disorders in older adults: a meta-analytic comparison of behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;15(8):639-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17670995?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Thorp SR, Ayers CR, Nuevo R, et al. Meta-analysis comparing different behavioral treatments for late-life anxiety. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;17(2):105-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2794407/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19155744?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Hendriks GJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Keijsers GP, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for late-life anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008 Jun;117(6):403-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479316?tool=bestpractice.com 抑郁症状常并发存在,针对GAD的CBT具有对其进行改善的额外优势。[39]Cuijpers P, Cristea IA, Weitz E, et al. The effects of cognitive and behavioural therapies for anxiety disorders on depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2016 Dec;46(16):3451-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27659840?tool=bestpractice.com 已有研究验证了借助媒体的网络CBT治疗的有效性。[40]Griffiths KMF, Farrer L, Christensen H. The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: a review of randomised controlled trials. Med J Aust. 2010 Jun 7;192(11 suppl):S4-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20528707?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Robinson E, Titov N, Andrews G, et al. Internet treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 3;5(6):e10942.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880592/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20532167?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Zalta AK. A meta-analysis of anxiety symptom prevention with cognitive-behavioral interventions. J Anxiety Disord. 2011 Jun;25(5):749-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21698842?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, et al. Therapist-supported internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 12;(3):CD011565.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011565.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26968204?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy (with a therapist's support) when delivered over the Internet?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1355/full显示答案 短期和长期精神动力心理治疗均有效。[44]Hunot V, Churchill R, Silva de Lima M, et al. Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD001848.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001848.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253466?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Knekt P, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA, et al.; Helsinki Psychotherapy Study Group. Quasi-experimental study on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, long-term and short-term psychotherapy on psychiatric symptoms, work ability and functional capacity during a 5-year follow-up. J Affect Disord. 2011 Jul;132(1-2):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21316768?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Leichsenring F, Salzer S, Jaeger U, et al. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;166(8):875-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19570931?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Creswell C, Cruddace S, Gerry S, et al. Treatment of childhood anxiety disorder in the context of maternal anxiety disorder: a randomised controlled trial and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2015 May;19(38):1-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294412/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26004142?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies in people with common mental disorders?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.464/full显示答案
除了心理治疗,还可以考虑其他一系列非药物 GAD 治疗方案。冥想训练可供那些无法和/或不愿进行心理治疗的患者选择。[48]Hoge EA, Bui E, Marques L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;74(8):786-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23541163?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Wong SY, Yip BH, Mak WW, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. group psychoeducation for people with generalised anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;209(1):68-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26846612?tool=bestpractice.com 应用放松也是一项有效的合并治疗方法。[32]Gale C, Oakley-Browne M. Generalized anxiety disorder. Clin Evid. 2005 Dec;(14):1253-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16620453?tool=bestpractice.com 建议患者每天在同一时间入眠和觉醒,晚6点后避免饮酒,并在下午3点后避免摄入咖啡因,以改善睡眠卫生。建议患者如果不能入睡则离床,以避免与睡眠环境产生负相关。[50]Roszkowska J, Geraci SA. Management of insomnia in the geriatric patient. Am J Med. 2010 Dec;123(12):1087-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870196?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Roy-Byrne P, Veitengruber JP, Bystritsky A, et al. Brief intervention for anxiety in primary care patients. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):175-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896069/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264941?tool=bestpractice.com
一项随机对照试验 (randomised controlled trial, RCT)表明,运动训练可减少焦虑症状。[52]Herring MP, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK. The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Feb 22;170(4):321-31.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=774421http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177034?tool=bestpractice.com 自助治疗(如书籍或自助手册)被证明比等候名单或安慰剂治疗更有效。[53]van Boeijen CA, van Balkom AJ, van Oppen P, et al. Efficacy of self-help manuals for anxiety disorders in primary care: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2005 Apr;22(2):192-6.http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/2/192.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710643?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Haug T, Nordgreen T, Öst LG, et al. Self-help treatment of anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of effects and potential moderators. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:425-445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681915?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
一线治疗选择包括选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, SSRI;例如,艾司西酞普兰、舍曲林、氟西汀、帕罗西汀),5-羟色胺 - 去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, SNRI;例如度洛西汀、文拉法辛),具有非典型作用模式的抗抑郁药( 例如,米氮平、丁螺环酮、阿戈美拉汀)或抗惊厥药普瑞巴林。苯二氮卓类药物(如地西泮、氯硝西泮)也是部分患者的一种治疗选择。在对一线治疗选择无反应,或不能耐受的患者中,可以给予三环类抗抑郁药(tricyclic antidepressant, TCA;例如丙咪嗪)或第二代抗精神病药如喹硫平。[55]Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R, et al; WFSBP Task Force on Mental Disorders in Primary Care; WFSBP Task Force on Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012 Jun;16(2):77-84.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/Bandelow_et_al_01.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540422?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30712879?tool=bestpractice.com
药物选择需基于:疾病的严重程度/痛苦程度,是否具备医疗条件,药物滥用情况,患者偏好和药物副作用。[32]Gale C, Oakley-Browne M. Generalized anxiety disorder. Clin Evid. 2005 Dec;(14):1253-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16620453?tool=bestpractice.com 监测副作用,改变剂量和转换药物可改善疗效和患者依从性(例如,一些抗抑郁药可能引起烦躁,这可能使得焦虑症状恶化)。[57]Sinclair LI, Christmas DM, Hood SD, et al. Antidepressant-induced jitteriness/anxiety syndrome: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;194(6):483-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478285?tool=bestpractice.com
一些指南提出了关于 GAD 药物治疗选择不同细节的建议。[35]Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;52(12):1109-72.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867418799453[55]Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R, et al; WFSBP Task Force on Mental Disorders in Primary Care; WFSBP Task Force on Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012 Jun;16(2):77-84.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/Bandelow_et_al_01.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540422?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 May;28(5):403-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24713617?tool=bestpractice.com 本主题中的建议基于2019年进行的药物治疗网络荟萃分析,其被该主题作者认为是该主题发表时最为全面的证据。[56]Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30712879?tool=bestpractice.com 网络荟萃分析囊括了 89 项试验和随机分配到22种不同的活性药物治疗组或安慰剂组的 25,441名患者。度洛西汀、普瑞巴林、文拉法辛、艾司西酞普兰较安慰剂更为有效,且接受度更好。米氮平、舍曲林、氟西汀、丁螺环酮和阿戈美拉汀也同样有效,并可良好耐受,但这些结论基于较少的研究和较小的样本量。帕罗西汀、苯二氮卓类和喹硫平通过汉密尔顿焦虑评定量表(HAM-A)测量是有效的,但与安慰剂相比耐受性较差。[56]Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30712879?tool=bestpractice.com 关于苯二氮䓬类药物在治疗GAD的长期疗效尚缺少足够信息。
除药物治疗外,还可使用心理治疗和其他非药物治疗方法。
一线选择
SSRIs、SNRIs、非典型抗抑郁药物、普瑞巴林和苯二氮卓类药物被认为是一线治疗选择。艾司西酞普兰、度洛西汀和文拉法辛是首选用药。
SSRIs 治疗GAD的效力在老年患者,[55]Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R, et al; WFSBP Task Force on Mental Disorders in Primary Care; WFSBP Task Force on Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012 Jun;16(2):77-84.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/Bandelow_et_al_01.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540422?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Schuurmans J, Comijs H, Emmelkamp PM, et al. Long-term effectiveness and prediction of treatment outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy and sertraline for late-life anxiety disorders. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009 Dec;21(6):1148-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19860993?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童和青少年中得到了证明,[60]Ipser, JC, Stein DJ, Hawkridge S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD005170.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005170.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588367?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Dobson ET, Strawn JR. Pharmacotherapy for pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic evaluation of efficacy, safety and tolerability. Paediatr Drugs. 2016 Feb;18(1):45-53.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4925147/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26660158?tool=bestpractice.com 在 GAD 短期治疗和预防复发中的效力亦得到证明。[58]Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 May;28(5):403-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24713617?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Khan AY, Macaluso M. Duloxetine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:23-31.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695226/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19557096?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Brawman-Mintzer O, Knapp RG, Rynn M, et al. Sertraline treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;67(6):874-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16848646?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Allgulander C, Florea I, Huusom AK. Prevention of relapse in generalized anxiety disorder by escitalopram treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Oct;9(5):495-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16316482?tool=bestpractice.com 无论焦虑的基线严重程度如何,GAD 的抗抑郁药物似乎都一贯有效。[65]de Vries YA, de Jonge P, van den Heuvel E, et al. Influence of baseline severity on antidepressant efficacy for anxiety disorders: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;208(6):515-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26989093?tool=bestpractice.com
丁螺环酮的应用在一些患者中被认为有效。[66]Chessick CA, Allen MH, Thase M, et al. Azapirones for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD006115.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006115/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856115?tool=bestpractice.com 由于它也不成瘾,对于有吸毒或酗酒史的患者较为有利。但由于常见恶心,故使用受限。近期使用过苯二氮䓬类药物,可能削弱其疗效。[32]Gale C, Oakley-Browne M. Generalized anxiety disorder. Clin Evid. 2005 Dec;(14):1253-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16620453?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然苯二氮卓类药物可能有效,但它们也与有害的副作用呈现相关(例如更为频繁的跌倒;记忆障碍,特别是新的学习;增加事故风险;和药物依赖)。[67]Donnelly K, Bracchi R, Hewitt J, et al. Benzodiazepines, Z-drugs and the risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Apr 27;12(4):e0174730.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407557/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28448593?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Née M, Avalos M, Luxcey A, et al. Prescription medicine use by pedestrians and the risk of injurious road traffic crashes: A case-crossover study. PLoS Med. 2017 Jul 18;14(7):e1002347.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5515401/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719606?tool=bestpractice.com 临床医生和患者面临的关键问题是衡量风险与获益。苯二氮卓类药物在基线严重程度较高的人群中应用更为有效。[69]Gale C, Glue P, Guaiana G, et al. Influence of covariates on heterogeneity in Hamilton Anxiety Scale ratings in placebo-controlled trials of benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol. 2019 Jan 24 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30676225?tool=bestpractice.com 它们通常不会影响QTc间期,但过量服用,或与阿片类药物联用时,可能导致呼吸抑制和死亡。[70]Petrushevska T, Jakovski Z, Poposka V, et al. Drug-related deaths between 2002 and 2013 with accent to methadone and benzodiazepines. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015 Apr;31:12-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735778?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Lintzeris N, Nielsen S. Benzodiazepines, methadone and buprenorphine: interactions and clinical management. Am J Addict. 2010 Jan-Feb;19(1):59-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132123?tool=bestpractice.com 如果患者有物质滥用病史或有此类风险,应避免使用苯二氮卓类药物。
普瑞巴林可单独给药,也可以与其他药物一起用作增效剂。[72]Rickels K, Shiovitz TM, Ramey TS, et al. Adjunctive therapy with pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder patients with partial response to SSRI or SNRI treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 May;27(3):142-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22302014?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价发现,在 GAD 患者中,普瑞巴林优于安慰剂, 在临床反应上与苯二氮卓类药物相当,药物退出率低于苯二氮卓类药物。[73]Generoso MB, Trevizol AP, Kasper S, et al. Pregabalin for generalized anxiety disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Jan;32(1):49-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27643884?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,普瑞巴林用药需谨慎,因为它可能导致肾功能损害,特别是对于有肾功能损害危险因素的患者(例如,年龄较大、药物滥用、合并用药如抗高血压药物和某些抗生素),以及存在意识模糊的持续风险。[74]Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Serati M. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017 Mar;13(3):351-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28075650?tool=bestpractice.com
二线选择
在对一线治疗选择无反应或不能耐受的患者中,尝试给予TCA(例如丙米嗪)(需考虑过量服用的风险)或第二代抗精神病药物,如喹硫平[75]LaLonde CD, Van Lieshout RJ. Treating generalized anxiety disorder with second generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Jun;31(3):326-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508847?tool=bestpractice.com ,作为替代选择。
关于GAD中TCAs有效性的证据很少,且较陈旧,目前证据表明丙咪嗪是首选的TCA。[76]Schmitt R, Gazalle FK, Lima MS, et al. The efficacy of antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;27(1):18-24.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462005000100007http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15867979?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Shammas E. Controlled comparison of bromazepam, amitriptyline, and placebo in anxiety-depressive neurosis. Dis Nerv Syst. 1977 Mar;38(3):201-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13969?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Goldberg HL, Finnery RJ. The use of doxepin in the treatment of symptoms of anxiety neurosis and accompanying depression: a collaborative controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 1972 Jul;129(1):74-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4556088?tool=bestpractice.com
在两项系统评价和荟萃分析中,喹硫平单药治疗对于 GAD 比安慰剂更为有效。[56]Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30712879?tool=bestpractice.com[75]LaLonde CD, Van Lieshout RJ. Treating generalized anxiety disorder with second generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Jun;31(3):326-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508847?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Woottiluk P, et al. Quetiapine monotherapy in acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Jan 12;10:259-76.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4716733/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834458?tool=bestpractice.com 这些数据显示,接受喹硫平治疗的患者全因停药风险,以及因不良反应、体重增加和代谢综合征而停药的风险呈现上升。喹硫平可影响QTc间期,并可增加代谢综合征风险。不要喹硫平等抗精神病药物用作 GAD 的初步治疗。[80]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management in primary, secondary and community care. Jan 2011 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113/chapter/guidance
治疗时限
药物治疗时限长短未在文献中被具体提及。6-8周应观察到获益。如若不然,应给予替代性抗抑郁药。一项针对 28 项研究的系统评价和荟萃分析结果显示,抗抑郁药物治疗至少一年方与复发率降低相关,且耐受性良好。除此而外,尚缺乏更长时间应用治疗效果和耐受性的证据,但这不应被理解为1年后即终止抗抑郁药治疗的明确提议。[81]Batelaan NM, Bosman RC, Muntingh A, et al. Risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of relapse prevention trials. BMJ. 2017 Sep 13;358:j3927.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5596392/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903922?tool=bestpractice.com 根据作者临床经验,建议对GAD抗抑郁治疗有反应的患者,应继续药物治疗至少1年,之后患者和处方者可根据副作用和其他考量因素讨论是否继续用药。如患者因为生活压力减轻而希望尝试停药。[30]Fricchione G. Generalized anxiety disorder. N Engl J Med. 2004 Aug 12;351(7):675-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306669?tool=bestpractice.com 如果就抗抑郁药物减量和停用达成一致,需缓慢进行,并密切监测症状复发。
并存重度抑郁
治疗方法与无抑郁共病的患者相同,但不建议使用丁螺环酮和普瑞巴林。 SNRIs类抗抑郁药对焦虑共病抑郁的患者有明确疗效。[82]Mancini M, Perna G, Rossi A, et al. Use of duloxetine in patients with an anxiety disorder, or with comorbid anxiety and major depressive disorder: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 May;11(7):1167-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20402555?tool=bestpractice.com
对于正在使用镇静剂(如苯二氮䓬类药物)、镇静药物或TCAs,并存重度抑郁的患者,需监测其自杀风险。[83]Youssef NA, Rich CL. Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul-Sep;20(3):157-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633742?tool=bestpractice.com
难治性 GAD
几乎没有证据表明对于此类治疗难以改善症状的患者,何为最佳治疗方案。
考虑改用替代性药物,将药物治疗与CBT等心理治疗相结合,或将两种不同类别的药物合用(若无禁忌症)。[84]Pollack MH, Roy-Byrne PP, Van Ameringen M, et al. The selective GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: results of a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;66(11):1401-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16420077?tool=bestpractice.com 获得患者知情同意,并对于结局指标达成一致。[35]Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;52(12):1109-72.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867418799453
考虑停用无效的治疗,询问患者哪些症状最让他们感到担心。而后商定一个合理的终点(使用量表或其他商定的结果),并给予替代性药物,或将药物和心理治疗(如CBT)联合应用12周。如果某种治疗方法无效,停止治疗,尝试另一策略,直到发现对患者个体最有效的治疗方法。[35]Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;52(12):1109-72.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867418799453 结合药物治疗前,需咨询专科医生。
儿童
在药物治疗之前,推荐给予 CBT 治疗中度或持续性 GAD。[85]Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee; British Columbia Medical Association. Anxiety and depression in children and youth – diagnosis and treatment. Mar 2010 [internet publication].https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/anxiety-and-depression-in-youth 有良好的证据支持儿童的电子化治疗(计算机化CBT)(如SPARX[86]Griffiths KM. SPARX computerised CBT is as effective as usual care for mild-to-moderate depression in help seeking adolescents. Evid Based Ment Health. 2012 Nov;15(4):90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22773784?tool=bestpractice.comSPARX)。一项荟萃分析支持给予CBT和SSRIs均可减少儿童焦虑症状。[87]Wang Z, Whiteside SPH, Sim L, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Nov 1;171(11):1049-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28859190?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项荟萃分析发现,对于患有焦虑症(包括GAD)的儿科患者,与安慰剂相比,SSRIs和SNRIs均可达成焦虑症状的临床显著改善,但SSRIs与SNRIs相比,症状改善更多、更快。[88]Strawn JR, Mills JA, Sauley BA, et al. The impact of antidepressant dose and class on treatment response in pediatric anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;57(4):235-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29588049?tool=bestpractice.com 2016年的一项系统评价发现儿童 GAD 中SSRIs的RCT证据有限,但SSRIs与不良事件有关;该评价未发现 RCT 证据表明抗精神病药物、苯二氮卓类药物、丁螺环酮、羟嗪或普瑞巴林对患有 GAD 的儿童和青少年有效。[89]Gale CK, Millichamp J. Generalised anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. BMJ Clin Evid. 2016 Jan 13;2016.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4711893/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763675?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠
为患有GAD和处于所有痛苦程度的孕妇提供 CBT 或 CT 心理治疗,同为等效的一线治疗选择。[35]Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;52(12):1109-72.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867418799453 如果不能进行CBT或CT,也可尝试其他类型的心理治疗(例如精神动力学或探索性心理治疗)。
如若无效,给予药物治疗需谨慎,特别是对处于妊娠中晚期的患者而言。部分药物也可用于早孕期。选择最适合此类患者使用的药物时,需咨询具有治疗妊娠患者经验的精神科医生,或产科医生。
是否在妊娠期间开始药物治疗的决定,必须衡量对胎儿带来医源性损害的可能(考虑到抗抑郁药均可透过胎盘屏障),以及未经治疗的精神疾病对母体和胎儿的潜在危害。对于治疗和未治疗的患者,鲜有对照性试验证据。[90]McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. J Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;31(5):519-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28440103?tool=bestpractice.com 例如,部分研究显示妊娠期间出现精神疾病的妇女较少获得充足的产前照护;更可能滥用酒精、烟草或其他可对妊娠造成不利影响的物质;并且更可能发生早产。[91]Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Women’s Mental Health. Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. 2013 [internet publication].http://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/psychiatric-disorders-during-pregnancy/ 母体在妊娠期间的焦虑可能与后代长期行为和心理健康问题相关。[92]Glasheen C, Richardson GA, Fabio A. A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Feb;13(1):61-74.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100191/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19789953?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,SSRIs 可以轻度缩短 GAD 患者的孕程,同时也与妊娠期高血压疾病和剖宫产有关。[93]Yonkers KA, Gilstad-Hayden K, Forray A, et al. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with risk of adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 1;74(11):1145-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903165?tool=bestpractice.com 妊娠期抗抑郁治疗与后代孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)风险之间存在关系的证据较为混杂,一些研究表明妊娠期母体抗抑郁药使用与儿童ASD风险轻度增加存在关联。其他研究表明,产前精神障碍且未使用抗抑郁药母体的子女罹患 ASD 风险增加。[94]Rai D, Lee B, Dalman C, et al. Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Jul 19;358:j2811.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5516223/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28724519?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Kaplan YC, Keskin-Arslan E, Acar S, et al. Maternal SSRI discontinuation, use, psychiatric disorder and the risk of autism in children: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;83(12):2798-806.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28734011?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Brown HK, Hussain-Shamsy N, Lunsky Y, et al. The association between antenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jan;78(1):e48-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129495?tool=bestpractice.com
如果女性在药物治疗期间妊娠,需咨询精神科医生,了解继续进行药物治疗的风险和获益。数据表明,妊娠期间继续给予 SSRIs,可预防与焦虑症状和并存抑郁相关的风险。[97]Ray S, Stowe ZN. The use of antidepressant medication in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Jan;28(1):71-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24211026?tool=bestpractice.com 让患者参与咨询过程,并将他们的喜好纳入考虑范畴。这是一个变化迅速的领域;有关抗抑郁药和其他药物治疗潜在危害的最新信息已被获取。UK Teratology Information Service 妊娠期间可以采用其他非药物疗法,例如应用性放松、冥想培训、睡眠卫生教育、锻炼和自助书籍/手册。
不符合DSM-5诊断标准的焦虑症状
焦虑是正常和普遍存在的。[35]Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;52(12):1109-72.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867418799453 然而,对于十分痛苦烦躁或被广泛性焦虑症状困扰,但还未完全达到DSM-5 GAD诊断阈值的患者,可采用与GAD治疗相同的方法获益,尤其是心理治疗、冥想训练以及睡眠卫生教育。[98]Andrews G, Hobbs MJ. The effect of the draft DSM-5 criteria for GAD on prevalence and severity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;44(9):784-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20815664?tool=bestpractice.com 对于焦虑症状未明确满足 DSM-5 诊断标准以及具有混合性精神症状(如抑郁、物质滥用等)的患者,应咨询心理医生。