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Loder PB, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, et al. Haemorrhoids: pathology, pathophysiology and aetiology. Br J Surg. 1994;81:946-954.

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Rivadeneira D E, Steele SR, Ternent C, et al. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010). Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:1059-1064.

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MacRae HM, Temple LK, McLeod RS. A meta-analysis of hemorrhoidal treatments. Semin Colon Rectal Surg. 2002;13:77-83.

Shanmugam V, Thaha MA, Rabindranath KS, et al. Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD005034.

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1.  Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A. The prevalence of hemorrhoids and chronic constipation. An epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:380-386.

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2.  Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A. Temporal changes in the occurrence of hemorrhoids in the United States and England. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:585-591.

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3.  Thomson WH. The nature of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 1975;62:542-552.

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4.  Loder PB, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, et al. Haemorrhoids: pathology, pathophysiology and aetiology. Br J Surg. 1994;81:946-954.

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5.  Haas PA, Fox TA Jr, Haas GP. The pathogenesis of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:442-450.

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6.  Saleeby RG Jr, Rosen L, Stasik JJ, et al. Hemorrhoidectomy during pregnancy: risk or relief? Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:260-261.

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7.  Hosking SW, Smart HL, Johnson AG, et al. Anorectal varices, haemorrhoids, and portal hypertension. Lancet. 1989;1:349-352.

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8.  Moesgaard F, Nielsen ML, Hansen JB, et al. High fiber diet reducing bleeding and pain in patients with hemorrhoids: a double-blind trial of Vi-Siblin. Dis Colon Rectum. 1982;25:454-456.

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9.  Rivadeneira D E, Steele SR, Ternent C, et al. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010). Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:1059-1064.

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10.  MacRae HM, Temple LK, McLeod RS. A meta-analysis of hemorrhoidal treatments. Semin Colon Rectal Surg. 2002;13:77-83.

11.  Wrobleski DE, Corman ML, Veidenheimer MC, et al. Long-term evaluation of rubber ring ligation in hemorrhoidal disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;23:478-482.

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12.  Walker AJ, Leicester RJ, Nicholls RJ, et al. A prospective study of infrared coagulation, injection and rubber band ligation in the treatment of haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1990;5:113-116.

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13.  Giordano P, Overton J, Madeddu F, et al. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:1665-1671.

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14.  Senagore AJ, Singer M, Abcarian H, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter trial comparing stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy: perioperative and one-year results [published correction appears in Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:400; Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1099]. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1824-1836.

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15.  Thaha MA, Campbell KL, Kazmi SA, et al. Prospective randomised multi-centre trial comparing the clinical efficacy, safety and patient acceptability of circular stapled anopexy with closed diathermy haemorrhoidectomy. Gut. 2009;58:668-678.

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16.  Nyström PO, Qvist N, Raahave D, et al; Stapled or Open Pile Procedure (STOPP) trial study group. Randomized clinical trial of symptom control after stapled anopexy or diathermy excision for haemorrhoid prolapse. Br J Surg. 2010;97:167-176.

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17.  Burch J, Epstein D, Baba-Akbari A, et al. Stapled haemorrhoidectomy (haemorrhoidopexy) for the treatment of haemorrhoids: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12:iii-iv, ix-x,1-193.

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18.  Lumb KJ, Colquhoun PH, Malthaner R, et al. Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD005393.

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19.  Shanmugam V, Thaha MA, Rabindranath KS, et al. Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD005034.

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20.  Kluiber RM, Wolff BG. Evaluation of anemia caused by hemorrhoidal bleeding. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1006-1007.

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21.  Greenspon J, Williams SB, Young HA, et al. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids: outcome after conservative or surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1493-1498.

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